Corruption of coronary collateral growth in metabolic syndrome: Role of oxidative stress

Table 1 Differences in the underlying mechanisms of induction, as well as mediator and growth factor involvement in angiogenesis and arteriogenesis[8,9]

	Angiogenesis	Arteriogenesis
Inducer	Ischemia	Shear stress, inflammation, ishemia
Promoter	Hypoxia inducible factor (TACGTGCT)	Hypoxia inducible factor (TACGTGCT)
		Shear stress responsive element (GAGACC)
Substrate	Pre-existing capillaries	Pre-existing arterioles
Cell type	Endothelial cells	Endothelial and smooth muscle cells; likely fibroblast
Result	Increase capillaries density	Remodeling of arteries into collateral arterioles
Duration	Days	Days to weeks
Growth factors	VEGF, bFGF, PDGF, PIGF, MCP-1, MMPs, GM-CSF, etc.	VEGF, bFGF, PDGF, PIGF, MCP-1, MMPs, GM-CSF, etc.

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; PIGF: Placenta growth factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.