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Publication Name
World Journal of Cardiology
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1949-8462
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2026.
World J Cardiol. Jan 26, 2026; 18(1): 112857
Published online Jan 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i1.112857
Table 1 Comparison of the patients’ baseline characteristics among groups, median (interquartile range)/n (%)/mean ± SD
Healthy control group (n = 120)
Non-INOCA group (n = 118)
INOCA group (n = 110)
Clinical characteristics
Age (years)56 (50-62)66 (58-74)a69 (60.75-76)a,b
Gender (female)66 (55.0)61 (51.7)72 (62.5)a,b
BMI, kg/m222.82 (20.81-24.21)24.98 (23.42-27.07)a24.22 (21.74-26.31)a,b
Smoking29 (24.16)34 (28.8)46 (41.8)a,b
Drinking32 (26.67)36 (30.5) 35 (31.8)
SBP, mmHg122 (112-130)133 (124-141.25)a137 (123.75-148.5)a
DBP, mmHg77.63 ± 12.2182.36 ± 10.85a80.40 ± 13.98
Laboratory tests
TG, mmol/L1.19 (0.92-1.60)1.49 (1.01-2.31)a1.35 (1.05-1.94)a
LDL-C, mmol/L 2.60 (2.19-3.08)2.55 (1.90-3.14)2.12 (1.50-2.65)a,b
TC, mmol/L4.64 ± 1.064.71 ± 1.224.10 ± 1.22a,b
HDL-C, mmol/L1.27 (1.04-1.48)1.12 (0.96-1.35)a1.08 (0.89-1.25)a,b
Fast glucose, mmol/L5.09 (4.47-5.49)7.26 (6.07-8.42)a7.91 (6.75-10.43)a,b
HbA1c (%)5.87 (5.64-6.12)7.14 (6.68-7.85)a7.76 (7.02-9.46)a,b
WBC, × 10 9/L5.55 (4.81-7.14)6.43 (5.26-8.10)6.62 (5.28-8.01)
NEU, × 10 9/L3.44 (2.67-4.38)4.06 (3.16-5.27)4.17 (3.17-5.60)
LYM, × 10 9/L1.67 (1.34-2.03)1.75 (1.35-2.14)1.54 (1.18-1.84)b
MONO, × 10 9/L0.32 (0.26-0.42)0.38 (0.29-0.49)0.38 (0.31-0.51)
PLT, × 10 9/L196.18 ± 63.42192.8 ± 57.88175.95 ± 58.87b
Medication situation
Antiplatelet agents44 (37.3)74 (67.3)b
Diuretics10 (8.5)15 (13.6)
β-blockers23 (19.5)25 (22.7)
ACEI/ARB31 (26.3)30 (27.3)
Statins65 (55.1)86 (78.2)b
CCBs39 (33.1)46 (41.8)
Hypoglycemic agents72 (61.0)78 (70.9)
Insulin therapy19 (16.1)43 (39.1)b
aP < 0.05 vs control group.
bP < 0.05 vs non-ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease group.
BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; NEU: Neutrophil; LYM: Lymphocyte; MONO: Monocyte; PLT: Platelet; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: Calcium channel blocker; INOCA: Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries.
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Table 2 Comparison of the image characteristics among groups, mean ± SD/n (%)
Healthy control group (n = 120)
Non-INOCA group (n = 118)
INOCA group (n = 110)
PCATa (HU)
LAD-89.81 ± 19.77-81.29 ± 5.87a-73.03 ± 7.28a,b
LCX-83.52 ± 8.09-74.45 ± 5.71a-67.46 ± 6.68a,b
RCA-92.69 ± 8.89-81.51 ± 6.90a-74.02 ± 7.71a,b
Presence of coronary plaque
LAD46 (39.0)49 (44.54)
LCX41 (34.7)47 (42.7)
RCA38 (32.2)40 (37.0)
CACS
063 (53.38)51 (45.46)
1-9955 (46.61)53 (49.09)
≥ 10006 (5.4)
aP < 0.05 vs control group.
bP < 0.05 vs non-ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease group.
PCATa: Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation; LAD: Left anterior descending artery; LCX: Left circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; CACS: Coronary artery calcium score; INOCA: Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease.
Full Size Table
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease
Univariable
Multivariable
OR
95%CI
P value
OR
95%CI
P value
Age1.0311.005-1.0580.0211.0371.008-1.0670.013
Gender (female)1.8441.079-3.1500.0252.2421.230-4.0860.008
Smoking1.7691.024-3.0560.041
Drinking1.0630.607-1.8620.831
BMI0.8920.823-0.9660.0050.8880.816-0.9680.007
SBP1.0100.996-1.0240.169
DBP0.9870.967-1.0080.235
TG0.8720.734-1.0370.122
LDL-C0.7170.544-0.9460.019
TC0.6550.519-0.828< 0.001
HDL-C0.3770.160-0.8890.026
Fast glucose1.2171.092-1.357< 0.001
HbA1c1.5891.293-1.953< 0.0011.5871.283-1.963< 0.001
WBC1.0260.907-1.1600.688
NEU1.0750.942-1.2270.282
LYM0.7240.489-1.0740.108
MONO1.7260.324-9.1800.522
PLT0.9950.990-1.0000.033
Time since diagnose T2DM
< 50.010
5-101.9870.850-4.6430.113
> 102.3631.338-4.1720.003
LAD-PCATa1.2301.159-1.305< 0.0011.2461.168-1.329< 0.001
LCX-PCATa1.2051.140-1.274< 0.0011.2071.138-1.281< 0.001
RCA-PCATa1.1721.113-1.234< 0.0011.1641.105-1.227< 0.001
BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; TG: Triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; NEU: Neutrophil; LYM: Lymphocyte; MONO: Monocyte; PLT: Platelet; LAD: Left anterior descending artery; PCATa: Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation; LCX: Left circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.
Full Size Table
Table 4 Diagnostic performance of the clinical and imaging parameters in distinguishing ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis
Cutoff
AUC
95%CI
SEN
SEP
Clinical factors0.7310.666-0.7950.7450.644
LAD PCATa-79.380.8090.755-0.8640.8360.610
LCX PCATa-71.270.7770.717-0.8360.7360.720
RCA PCATa-81.520.7580.698-0.8190.9000.500
Clinical factors + LAD PCATa0.8510.802-0.9000.7550.805
Clinical factors + LCX PCATa0.8420.792-0.9090.6910.839
Clinical factors + RCA PCATa0.8410.792-0.8900.6550.839
LAD: Left anterior descending artery; PCATa: Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation; LCX: Left circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval; SEN: Sensitivity; SEP: Specificity.
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Table 5 Improvement in risk classification by pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation for identifying ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
NRI (95%CI)
P value
IDI (95%CI)
P value
LAD PCATa0.59 (0.38-0.80)< 0.0010.14 (0.10-0.18)< 0.001
LCX PCATa0.41 (0.20-0.62)< 0.0010.07 (0.04-0.09)< 0.001
RCA PCATa0.34 (0.16-0.56)< 0.0010.07 (0.04-0.10)< 0.001
LAD: Left anterior descending artery; PCATa: Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation; LCX: Left circumflex artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; NRI: Net reclassification improvement; CI: Confidence interval; IDI: Integrated discrimination improvement.
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