Artificial intelligence-assisted compressed sensing CINE enhances the workflow of cardiac magnetic resonance in challenging patients

Table 1 Participant demographics

	Male	Female	Total
Participants (%)	42 (47)	47 (53)	89
Patients	26 (43)	34 (57)	60
Volunteers	16 (55)	13 (45)	29
Ethnicity (%)	White	Black	Hispanic	Asian	Total
Participants	68 (76)	15 (18)	1 (1)	5 (5)	89
Patients	46 (77)	13 (21)	1 (2)	0 (0)	60
Volunteers	22 (77)	2 (7)	0 (0)	5 (16)	29
Age (year)	Male	Female	Total
Participants	57.3 (19-83)	59.6 (18-83)	58.4 (18-83)
Patients	62.5 (30-88)	63.0 (18-83)	62.8 (18-83)
Volunteers	48.6 (19-77)	50.8 (24-71)	49.6 (19-77)
BSA (m2)	Male	Female	Total
Participants	2.04 (1.70-2.45)	1.84 (1.31-2.87)	1.93 (1.31-2.87)
Heart rate	Male	Female	Total
Participants	66 (46-113)	67 (47-108)	67 (46-113)
Clinical referral indication	Patients
r/o cardiotoxicity	29
r/o amyloidosis	30
r/o myocarditis	3
r/o cardiomyopathy	17
Arrhythmia	9
Chest pain	9

Data of age, body surface area and heart rate are mean (min-max). BSA: Body surface area.

Table 2 Conventional CINE and Artificial-intelligence-assisted compressed sensing CINE image parameters

	C-CINE	AI-CS-CINE
ECG mode	Retrospective	Retrospective
TR/TE (millisecond)	3.57/1.75	2.74/1.28
Image matrix	224 × 85	192 × 100
Reconstruction matrix	2.0	1.5
Spatial resolution (mm)	1.89 × 1.61	1.88 × 1.88
Flip angle (°)	80	60
Bandwidth (Hz/pixel)	1500	1200
Temporal resolution (millisecond)	54	41
Reconstructed cardiac phases	25	25
Field of view (mm)	360 × 320	360 × 320
Slice thickness (mm)	8	8
Gap (mm)	0	0
Number of slices	11	11
Longest breath-hold for acquisition (second)	11	11
Number of slices acquired per 11-sec breath hold	1	6
Number of breath-holds	11	2
Shortest breath-hold time to acquire one slice (second)	11	2
Total acquisition time including breath-holds (second)	238	37

C-CINE: Conventional CINE; AI-CS-CINE: Artificial-intelligence-assisted compressed sensing CINE.

Table 3 Alignment of left ventricle and right ventricle volume and function metrics with conventional CINE vs artificial-intelligence-assisted compressed sensing CINE excluding outliers (n = 89)

	mean ± SD		Bland–Altman		Intraclass coefficient
	C-CINE	AI-CS-CINE	Bias ± SD	LoA	r	95%CI
LVEF (%)	56.2 ± 11.0	55.9 ± 11.1	0.28 ± 3.78	-7.13, 7.69	0.94	0.91, 0.96
LVEDVi (mL/m2)	75.9 ± 19.0	73.3 ± 19.0	2.63 ± 5.30	-7.76, 13.01	0.95	0.93, 0.97
LVESVi (mL/m2)	34.4 ± 16.0	33.4 ± 15.7	1.02 ± 3.35	-5.55, 7.59	0.98	0.96, 0.98
LVSVi (mL/m2)	41.5 ± 9.3	39.9 ± 9.6	1.61 ± 4.21	-6.63, 9.85	0.89	0.83, 0.92
LVMi (mL/m2)	58.4 ± 20.3	59.3 ± 20.6	0.91 ± 4.14	-9.01, 7.20	0.98	0.97, 0.99
Relative wall thickness	0.4 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.2	0.00 ± 0.05	-0.10, 0.10	0.95	0.93, 0.97
RVEF (%)	50.8 ± 10.0	51.5 ± 10.3	0.66 ± 7.32	-15.01, 13.69	0.73	0.62, 0.82
RVEDVi (mL/m2)	71.0 ± 14.8	69.3 ± 14.7	1.74 ± 6.60	-11.21, 14.68	0.89	0.84, 0.93
RVESVi (mL/m2)	35.1 ± 11.0	33.6 ± 10.4	1.51 ± 5.28	-8.84, 11.87	0.87	0.81, 0.91
RVSVi (mL/m2)	35.9 ± 9.7	35.7 ± 10.5	0.22 ± 7.12	-13.74, 14.18	0.75	0.64, 0.83

C-CINE: Conventional CINE; AI-CS-CINE: Artificial-intelligence-assisted-CINE; EDV: End-diastolic volume; EF: Ejection fraction; ESV: End-systolic volume; LV: Left ventricle; LVM: LV mass; RV: Right ventricle; SV: Stroke volume; I: Normalized to body surface area.

Table 4 Alignment of left ventricle and right ventricle volume and function metrics with Conventional CINE vs Artificial-intelligence-assisted compressed sensing CINE in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (n = 31)

	mean ± SD		Bland–Altman		Intraclass coefficient
	C-CINE	AI-CS-CINE	Bias ± SD	LoA	r	95%CI
LVEF (%)	55.9 ± 13.2	57.0 ± 13.2	-1.05 ± 4.56	-10.00, 7.89	0.94	0.87, 0.97
LVEDVi (mL/m2)	75.1 ± 21.1	72.0 ± 20.2	3.16 ± 7.07	10.70, 17.02	0.93	0.85, 0.97
LVESVi (mL/m2)	34.8 ± 19.0	32.2 ± 17.2	2.55 ± 6.12	-9.45, 14.55	0.93	0.86, 0.97
LVSVi (mL/m2)	40.4 ± 10.2	39.8 ± 11.1	0.61 ± 4.52	-8.26, 9.47	0.91	0.82, 0.95
LVMi (mL/m2)	69.9 ± 29.0	70.4 ± 29.5	-0.42 ± 5.81	11.81, 10.97	0.98	0.96, 0.99
Relative wall thickness	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.00 ± 0.06	-0.13, 0.12	0.96	0.91, 0.98
RVEF (%)	48.9 ± 14.6	52.1 ± 13.0	-3.14 ± 9.09	20.96, 14.68	0.76	0.56, 0.88
RVEDVi (mL/m2)	70.8 ± 16.2	70.9 ± 15.1	-0.02 ± 8.72	17.12, 17.07	0.84	0.70, 0.92
RVESVi (mL/m2)	37.1 ± 16.5	34.5 ± 13.5	2.64 ± 7.65	12.36, 17.64	0.86	0.72, 0.93
RVSVi (mL/m2)	33.7 ± 10.7	36.4 ± 10.5	-2.66 ± 8.57	19.46, 14.13	0.65	0.40, 0.81

C-CINE: Conventional CINE; AI-CS-CINE: Artificial-intelligence-assisted-CINE; EDV: End-diastolic volume; EF: Ejection fraction; ESV: End-systolic volume; LV: Left ventricle; LVM: LV mass; RV: Right ventricle; SV: Stroke volume; I: Normalized to body surface area.