Therapeutic use of music listening in patients undergoing invasive coronary procedures: A meta-analysis

Table 1 The detailed baseline characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Country	Year	N	Sex (male/female)	Age (intervention/control)	Type of study	Type of music	Tempo (beats/minute)	Lyrics	Duration (minute)	Time of intervention	Mode of delivery	Outcome
Moradipanah et al[14]	Iran	2009	74	37/37	Mean = 50.6	RCT	Slow and steady rhythms	60-80	No	20	Before angiography	Earphones plugged to a cassette	Anxiety (DASS-21 score)
Dong et al[15]	China	2023	86	50/36	Mean = 57.6/54.8	RCT	Low-key music	60-80	-	15	2 hours after extubation	Binaural headphones	Pain (VAS), anxiety (STAI), HR, SBP, DBP, RR
Oyur Çelik et al[16]	Turkey	2022	62	31/31	Mean = 58.58/56.81	RCT	Instrumentaland Nihavend mode	-	No	45	Before coronary angiography	Music CD	Pain (VAS), anxiety (STAI), HR, SBP, DBP, RR
Doğan and Şenturan[17]	Turkey	2012	200	140/60	Range = 18-66	Pretest/posttest control group	Calming and relaxing and Huseyni mode	-	No	-	During coronary angiography	CD player	Anxiety (STAI score)
Forooghy et al[8]	Iran	2015	64	41/23	Range = 45-82	RCT	Light instrumental by Bach	-	No	20-40	Before coronary angioplasty	MP3 player and headphones	Anxiety (STAI), SBP, DBP, RR, HR
Zimmerman et al[18]	United States	1996	96	64/30	Mean = 67	Repeated measures experiment	Participant's choice	-	No	30	Post CABG	Headphones	Pain (VRS, McGill pain questionnaire score)
Bally et al[19]	United States	2003	107	64/49	Mean = 59/58	Pretest-posttest control group	Self-selected by patient	-	-	-	Before, during or after coronary angiography	Headphones and cassette recorder	Anxiety (STAI), pain (VAS), HR, SBP, DBP
Rejeh et al[3]	Iran	2016	130	64/66	Mean = 61.68	Quasi-randomized controlled trial	Pleasant natural sounds	-	-	-	30 minutes before coronary angiography	MP3 player and foam-lined headphones	Anxiety (STAI), SBP, DBP, RR, HR
Hamel et al[20]	United States	2001	101	63/38	Range = 43-74	Quasi-experimental	ÄòTrance‚ ÄìZendance‚Äô by Halpern	70-80	No	20	Prior to cardiac catheterization	Portable CD player	Anxiety (STAI), HR, BP
Cadiganv et al[21]	United States	2001	140	100/40	Mean = 62.2	RCT	Mixture of symphonic music and nature sounds	-	No	30	Post PCI or on bedrest	CD player and headphones	Pain (VAS), SBP, DBP, HR, RR
Taylor-Piliae et al[22]	Hong Kong (China)	2002	45	23/7	Mean = 58.2	Experimental three-group	New age and Chinese instrumental or classical	-	No	-5	1 hour prior to catheterization	Cassette recorder and headphones	Anxiety (SAI), HR, RR
Argstatter et al[23]	Germany	2006	90	31/24	Mean = 66.5	Pretest-posttest, three-armed	ÄúRelaxation‚ Äù by Martin Rumme	-	-	-	During cardiac catheterization	Earphones	Anxiety (STAI), HR, SBP, DBP
Nilsson[25]	Sweden	2012	68	0/68	Mean = 67/65	RCT	Soft and relaxing musicure	60-80	No	-	During coronary angiography and/or PCI	Maysound music player	Anxiety (NRS)
Nilsson[24]	Sweden	2009	238	119/119	Mean = 67/64	RCT	Soft and relaxing musicure	60-80	No	-	During coronary angiography and/or PCI	Maysound music player	Anxiety (STAI, NRS), pain (VAS)
Amiri et al[26]	Iran	2017	90	56/34	Mean = 58.61	RCT	ÄúSounds of Nature and Äù by Stein A	-	No	30	Before CABG	Sony MP3 player	Anxiety (STAI)
Barnason et al[27]	United States	1995	96	65/31	Mean = 67	Repeated measures and quasi-experimental	Participant's choice	-	No	30	Post-operative day 2 and 3 after CABG	Headphones	Anxiety (NRS, STAI), SBP, DBP, HR
Buffum et al[28]	United States	2006	170	166/4	Mean = 67.01/66.65	Quasi-experimental	Classical, jazz, rock, country western, and easy listening	-	-	15	Before vascular angiography	Boombox style CD player without headphones	Anxiety (STAI), SBP, DBP, RR, HR
Chan[29]	Hong Kong (China)	2006	43	31/12	Range = 35-75	RCT	Soft and slow music	-	No	45	During C-clamp procedure	MP3 player with headphones	Pain (University of California Los Angeles), SBP, DBP, HR, RR
Dai et al[30]	China	2020	99	37/29	Mean = 53.4/53.1	Retrospective study	Light and relaxing	-	-	30	After coronary bypass	Binaural headphones	Pain (NRS), anxiety (SAS)
Heidari et al[31]	Iran	2015	60	33/27	Mean = 56.33/60.91	RCT	Sounds of nature	-	-	30	Before CABG	Digital MP3 player with headphones	Anxiety (VAS-A), HR, SBP, DBP
Twiss et al[32]	United States	2006	86	28/58	Mean = 72.6/75.1	RCT	Choice between six relaxing CDs	-	-	-	Throughout CABG procedure and post-op	Headphones	Anxiety (STAI)

CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; RCT: Randomized control trial; RR: Respiratory rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; STAI: State anxiety inventory; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale.