Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors improve heart function in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure

Table 1 The beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor on type 2 diabetes mellitus with heart failure

Beneficial factors of SGLT2i with ability to improve T2DM with HF
1 Reducing inflammation
2 Inhibiting oxidative stress
3 Attenuating myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis
4 Improving myocardial energetics
5 Improving myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism
6 Improving mitochondrial function
7 Normalizing intracellular Ca2+ handling in cardiomyocytes
8 Inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system
9 Improving adverse cardiac remodeling
10 Reducing hyperglycemic toxicity
11 Osmotic diuretics
12 Lowering blood pressure

SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HF: Heart failure.