Remdesivir, dexamethasone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors use and mortality outcomes in COVID-19 patients with concomitant troponin elevation

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables

	n	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
Length of stay	1788	1	117	11.77	11.73
Age	1788	20	110	66.36	16.36
Body mass index	1741	14.14	83.12	30.07	8.69
C-reactive protein	1575	0.05	54.38	14.60	9.57
Lactate dehydrogenase	1384	55	8180	487.45	525.15
Ferritin	1240	5.1	47560.8	1038.56	2187.49
Troponin	1788	0.01	32.78	0.49	2.41
Creatine phosphokinase	979	10	88961	755.30	4495.43
Platelet	1786	37	1176	328.47	138.68
White blood cell count	1787	2.4	80.7	16.12	9.05
Potassium	1513	2.70	8.50	4.82	0.84
Total bilirubin	1780	0.2	27.8	1.01	1.16

Table 2 Descriptive analysis of categorical variable

	Frequency	Percent
Gender
Female	749	41.9%
Male	1039	58.1%
Race
Asian	109	6.1%
Black	81	4.5%
White	1152	64.4%
Others	446	24.9%
Expired
No	1254	70.1%
Yes	534	29.9%
Ventilator use
No	1352	75.6%
Yes	436	24.4%
Intensive care unit
No	1328	74.3%
Yes	460	25.7%
Remdesivir
No	853	49.1%
Yes	883	50.9%
Dexamethasone
No	568	31.8%
Yes	1220	68.2%
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
No	1441	80.6%
Yes	347	19.4%
Diabetes mellitus
No	1444	80.8%
Yes	344	19.2%
Hypertension
No	1032	57.7%
Yes	756	42.3%
Chronic kidney disease
No	1355	76.0%
Yes	427	24.0%
Acute kidney injury
No	1588	88.8%
Yes	200	11.2%
Congestive heart failure
No	1451	81.2%
Yes	337	18.8%
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
No	1678	93.8%
Yes	110	6.2%
Bradycardia
No	823	46.0%
Yes	965	54.0%
Troponin elevation
No	1583	88.5%
Yes	205	11.5%

Table 3 Bivariate analysis of the relationship between continuous variables and troponin elevation

	Troponin elevation	n	Mean	SD	P value
Length of stay	0	1583	11.46	11.44	0.007
	1	205	14.16	13.52
Age	0	1583	66.14	16.49	0.08
	1	205	68.13	15.29
Body mass index	0	1540	30.11	8.62	0.64
	1	201	29.80	9.20
Oxygen on admission	0	1415	94.47	6.27	0.27
	1	187	94.20	6.69
C-reactive protein	0	1393	14.23	9.50	< 0.001
	1	182	17.47	9.70
Lactate dehydrogenase	0	1236	447.71	363.69	< 0.001
	1	148	819.34	1165.85
Ferritin	0	1099	956.44	1859.08	0.03
	1	141	1678.58	3844.02
Creatine phosphokinase	0	863	586.10	4245.13	0.01
	1	116	2014.03	5913.58
Platelet	0	1582	331.24	138.55	0.02
	1	204	307.00	138.15
WBC	0	1583	15.66	8.97	< 0.001
	1	204	19.76	8.88
Potassium	0	1341	4.78	0.83	< 0.001
	1	172	5.07	0.92
Total bilirubin	0	1577	0.95	0.83	0.004
	1	203	1.46	2.48

WBC: White blood cell.

Table 4 Bivariate analysis of the relationship between categorical variables and troponin elevation

Variable	Troponin elevation		P value
	No	Yes
Gender
Male	918 (88.4%)	121 (11.6%)	0.78
Female	665 (88.8%)	84 (11.2%)
Race
Asia	96 (88.1%)	13 (11.9%)	0.38
Black	72 (88.9%)	9 (11.1%)
White	1030 (89.4%)	122 (10.6%)
Others	385 (86.3%)	61 (13.7%)
Expired
Yes	415 (77.7%)	119 (22.3%)	< 0.001
No	1168 (93.1%)	86 (6.9%)
Ventilator
Yes	334 (76.6%)	102 (23.4%)	< 0.001
No	1249 (92.4%)	103 (7.5%)
Intensive care unit
Yes	354 (77.0%)	106 (23.0%)	< 0.001
No	1229 (92.5%)	99 (7.5%)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	314 (91.3%)	30 (8.7%)	0.08
No	1269 (87.9%)	175 (12.1%)
Hypertension
Yes	677 (89.6%)	79 (10.4%)	0.25
No	906 (87.8%)	126 (12.2%)
Chronic kidney disease
Yes	354 (82.9%)	73 (17.1%)	<0.001
No	1223 (90.3%)	132 (9.7%)
Congestive heart failure
Yes	279 (82.8%)	58 (17.2%)	< 0.001
No	1304 (89.9%)	147 (10.1%)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Yes	96 (87.3%)	14 (12.7%)	0.67
No	1487 (88.6%)	191 (11.4%)
Bradycardia
Yes	853 (88.4%)	112 (11.6%)	0.84
No	730 (88.7%)	93 (11.3%)
Use of Remdesivir
Yes	789 (89.4%)	94 (10.6%)	0.28
No	748 (87.7%)	94 (12.3%)
Use of dexamethasone
Yes	1069 (87.6%)	151 (12.4%)	0.08
No	514 (90.5%)	54 (9.5%)

Table 5 Logistic regression on predictors of increased troponin elevation

	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig	Exp (B)	95%CI for EXP (B)
							Lower	Upper
Lactate dehydrogenase	0.000	0.000	8.091	1	0.004	1.000	1.000	1.001
Congestive heart failure	0.991	0.239	17.170	1	0.000	2.694	1.686	4.305
Intensive care unit	1.278	0.232	30.359	1	0.000	3.591	2.279	5.659
Constant	-3.154	0.194	264.436	1	0.000	0.043

95%CI: 95% confidence interval; df: Degree of freedom; SE: Standard error; Sig: Significance.

Table 6 Cox regression analysis showing predictors of mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 patients

	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig	Exp (B)	95%CI for Exp (B)
							Lower	Upper
Age	0.022	0.004	26.460	1	0.000	1.022	1.014	1.031
Ventilator use	-0.378	0.157	5.830	1	0.016	0.685	0.504	0.931
Intensive care unit admission	1.624	0.164	97.657	1	0.000	5.074	3.677	7.003
Troponin	0.219	0.133	2.705	1	0.100	1.245	0.959	1.616

95%CI: 95% confidence interval; df: Degree of freedom; SE: Standard error; Sig: Significance.