Machine learning integration in microRNA-based markers for cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review

Figure 1 Overview of microRNA biogenesis and mechanism of gene regulation in cardiovascular diseases. In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed into mRNA and primary microRNA (pri-miRNA). Pri-miRNA is processed by the drosha ribonuclease III-DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 complex into precursor microRNA (miRNA), which is subsequently exported to the cytoplasm by exportin-5. In the cytoplasm, dicer endoribonuclease cleaves precursor miRNA to generate the miRNA duplex, from which the mature miRNA is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex. The RISC-miRNA complex binds target mRNA and mediates translational repression or mRNA degradation, thereby reducing protein expression. Created using Canva by Apurva Popat, MD. Pri-miRNA: Primary microRNA; Pre-miRNA: Precursor microRNA; miRNA: MicroRNA; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; DICER: Dicer endoribonuclease; DROSHA: Drosha ribonuclease III; DGCR8: DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8; XPO5: Exportin-5.

Figure 2 A PRISMA diagram summarizing the search strategy. CVD: Cardiovascular disease.

Figure 3  A QUADAS-2 summary graph of the methodological quality of the included studies.