Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: An update and implications for treatment

Table 1 Conventional treatment of primary rectal squamous cell carcinoma

Ref.	Pts	Initial Rx	Surgery	Adjuvant Rx	Recurrence	Survival (ANED)	Follow up (mo)
Raiford et al[5]	1	-	PP	-	1 - LR	0%	21
Catell et al[81]	1	-	APR	-	-	100% (1)	42
LeBlanc et al[30]	5	-	1 - APR, PR - 4	-	1 - LR	40% (2)	3-60
O'Brien et al[82]	2	-	APR × 2	-	-	100% (2)	12
Kron et al[83]	1	-	APR	-	1 - M, 1 - LR	0%	5
2Dixon et al[84]	1	-	PR	-	NR	NR	-
Burns et al[85]	1	-	APR	-	-	100% (1)	42
Wiener et al[86]	1	-	APR	-	M - 1, LR - 1	0%	12
Zirkin et al[6]	1	-	TPC/APR	-	-	100% (1)	16
Hohm et al[7]	2	-	APR × 2	-	-	100% (1)	156-252
Angelchik et al[87]	1	-	AR	-	-	100% (1)	18
Cabrera et al[34]	1	-	APR	-	-	100% (1)	10
Minkowitz et al[24]	1	-	TPC	-	M - 1	0%	5
2Higton et al[11]	1	-	AR	-	NR	NR	-
Comer et al[10]	1	-	APR	-	-	100% (1)	156
Williams et al[1]	1	-	APR	-	M - 1	0%	9
Vezeridis et al[25]	4	CTx - 1	APR - 3	CTx - 1	M - 2, LR - 1	0%	0-15
Lafreniere et al[48]	1	-	TAE	CRTx	-	100% (1)	24
Pigott et al[88]	1	-	APR	RTx	-	100% (1)	13
Woods et al[35]	1	-	APR	-	-	0%	3
Prener et al[71]	5	-	APR - 4, TAE - 1	RTx - 1	LR - 3, M - 1	20% (1)	3-36
Schneider et al[70]	1	-	TAE	CRTx	-	100% (1)	6
Fazzi et al[89]	1	-	Y	RTx	-	100% (1)	72
Copur et al[90]	1	-	APR	CRTx	M - 1	NR	-
2Frizelle et al[3]	9	-	NR	NR	NR	NR	-
Sotlar et al[28]	1	-	AR	-	LR - 1	0%	21
Gelas et al[69]	4	RTx - 2	APR x 3	CRTx - 1, RTx - 1	LR - 1, M - 2	25% (1)	4-192
Anagnostopoulos et al[91]	1	-	APR	CTx	-	100% (1)	14
Fahim et al[92]	1	-	APR	CTx	LR - 1, M - 1	0%	11
2Lam et al[93]	1	RTx	AR	-	-	NR	-
2Cheng et al[15]	1	-	TPC	CRTx	-	NR	-
Kong et al[12]	2	CTx - 1	TAE - 1	CRTx - 1	-	50% (1)	36
Nahas et al[16]	3	CTx - 1	APR, TAE	CRTx - 2	-	100% (3)	6-192
1Leung et al[20]	1	-	S	-	M - 1	0%	-
2Dzeletovic et al[52]	1	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	-
Sameer et al[94]	1	-	AR	CTx	-	100% (1)	24
Wang et al[60]	2	-	H, TAE	CRTx - 2	M - 1	50% (1)	21, 120
Sanal et al[95]	1	CTx	AR	-	-	100% (1)	12
Yeh et al[49]	1	-	APR		M - 1	0%	7
Faidzal et al[96]	1	-	AR	CRTx	-	100% (1)	15
Wang et al[97]	1	-	APR	RTx	-	100% (1)	43
Scaringi et al[23]	1	-	AR	-	LR - 1, M - 1	0%	4
Ozuner et al[14]	7	-	APR - 3 AR – 1 TPC - 1 TAE 1, H – 1	CTx - 4	M - 4, LR - 3	43% (3)	12-96
Péron et al[59]	1	RTx	-	-	LR - 1	0%	40
Overall	63 (782)	CTx 4 RTx 4	Resection 53 (PP/PR 6, APR 34, TPC/AR 13) TAE 7, H 2, S 1	CRTx 11 CTx 8 RTx 5	LR 25% (16) M 30% (19)	48% (30)	0-252

¹Not included in analysis as refused treatment;

²Not included in analysis as no relevant information recorded. Pts: Number of patients in study; Rx: Treatment; ANED: Alive, no evidence of disease; AR: Anterior resection; APR: Abdominoperineal resection; PR: Posterior resection; PP: Perineal proctectomy; TPC: Total proctocolectomy; TAE: Trans-anal excision; H: Hartmann’s; S: Diverting Stoma; NR: Not recorded; M: Metastasis; LR: Local recurrence.

Table 2 Chemoradiation as primary treatment of rectal squamous cell carcinoma

Ref.	Pts	Chemotherapy		RTx (Gy)	CR	Surgery	Path CR	Recurrence	Survival(ANED)	Follow up(mo)
		5FU/MMC	Other
Vezeridis et al[25]	1	-	1	40	-	-	-	LR - 1	0%	15
1Schneider et al[70]	1	1	-	30	-	-	-	-	NR	-
Kulayat et al[13]	1	1	-	40	-	TPC	100%	-	100% (1)	48
Martinez-Gonzalez et al[75]	1	-	1	46	-	AR	0%	-	100% (1)	18
Gelas et al[69]	2	-	2	Y	-	AR - 2	0%	-	100 % (2)	6-24
Theodosopoulos et al[98]	1	1	-	20	-	APR	0%	M - 1	100% (1)	18
Pikarsky et al[9]	1	1	-	60	1	-	-	-	100% (1)	84
Nahas et al[16]	9	6	3	50.4	2	TAE - 2 APR - 2 AR - 3	86%	-	100% (9)	6-192
Clark et al[61]	7	3	4	50.4	7	AR - 1	100%	-	100% (7)	5-31
Matsuda et al[29]	1	-	1	59.4	-	APR	0%	LR - 1, M - 1	0%	24
Brammer et al[99]	1	1	-	Y	1	-	-	M - 1	100% (1)	24
Rasheed et al[57]	6	2	4	45-50.4	4	APR - 2	50%	LR - 1	100% (6)	2-132
Al Hallak et al[100]	1	1	-	Y	1	-	-	-	100% (1)	30
Tronconi et al[58]	6	1	5	50.4-59.4	4	AR - 1 H - 1	50%	M - 1	83% (5)	24-41
Iannacone et al[101]	1	1	-	59.4	1	-	-	-	100% (1)	12
Wang et al[60]	5	5	-	45-54	4	AR - 2 APR - 1	100%	M - 2	60% (3)	15-51
Yeh et al[49]	5	4	1	30-60	4	AR - 1	100%	LR + M - 1	80% (4)	24-84
Jeong et al[62]	4	-	4	50.4-63	4	-	-	-	75% (3)	2-99
Kassir et al[102]	1	-	1	Y	-	AR	0%	-	100% (1)	-
Ferreira et al[64]	1	1	-	52	1	-	-	-	100% (1)	40
Choi et al[42]	1	1	-	Y	1	APR	0%	LR - 1	100% (1)	17
Musio et al[63]	8	6	2	45-70.6	4	APR - 4	50%	LR - 1	88% ( 7)	1-164
Péron et al[59]	10	4	6	45-62	6	APR - 2 AR - 2	50%	LR - 1	100% (10)	6-133
Funahashi et al[76]	3	-	3	45-59.4	2	PE	100%	M - 1	67% (2)	14-44
Seshadri et al[103]	1	1	-	50.4	1	AR	0%	LR + M - 1	0%	36
Ozuner et al[14]	1	1	-	Y	-	-	0%	M - 1	0%	12-96
Overall	79 (801)	42	38	All	60% (48)	44% (35)	57% (20)	LR 10% (8) M 13% (10)	86% (68)	1-192

¹Not included in analysis as no relevant information recorded. Pts: Number of patients in study; RTx: Radiotherapy; CR: Complete response; Path CR: Pathological complete response; ANED: Alive, no evidence of disease; Other: 5FU - 3, 5FU/Cisplatin - 26, Capecitabine/Cisplatin - 3; Capecitabine - 1; Raltitrexed/Oxaliplatin - 2; S1 - 3; Gy: Gray; AR: Anterior resection; H: Hartmann’s; PE: Pelvic exenteration; TAE: Trans-anal excision; TPC: Total proctocolectomy; APR: Abdominoperineal resection; NR: Not recorded; M: Metastasis; LR: Local recurrence.