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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
ISSN
1948-9366
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Aug 27, 2026; 18(8): 117895
Published online Aug 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.117895
Table 1 Comparison of general data between two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD
Item
Control group (n = 51)
Intervention group (n = 51)
Statistic
P value
Age (years)45.2 ± 13.743.8 ± 14.2t = 0.5240.602
Genderχ2 = 0.1570.692
    Male28 (54.9)26 (51.0)
    Female23 (45.1)25 (49.0)
Education levelχ2 = 1.2470.742
    Junior high school and below18 (35.3)15 (29.4)
    High school/vocational21 (41.2)24 (47.1)
    College and above12 (23.5)12 (23.5)
Marital statusχ2 = 0.3920.531
    Married39 (76.5)37 (72.5)
    Unmarried/other12 (23.5)14 (27.5)
BMI (kg/m2)22.4 ± 3.122.8 ± 3.4t = 0.6350.527
Comorbidities
    Hypertension13 (25.5)15 (29.4)χ2 = 0.2010.654
    Diabetes8 (15.7)6 (11.8)χ2 = 0.3490.555
    Hyperlipidemia11 (21.6)9 (17.6)χ2 = 0.2490.618
ASA classificationχ2 = 0.4710.790
    Grade I23 (45.1)25 (49.0)
    Grade II21 (41.2)19 (37.3)
    Grade III7 (13.7)7 (13.7)
Preoperative hemoglobin (g/L)118.6 ± 15.3121.2 ± 16.8t = 0.8250.412
Preoperative serum albumin (g/L)36.8 ± 4.237.5 ± 4.6t = 0.8220.413
BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Full Size Table
Table 2 Comparison of gastrointestinal function recovery indicators between two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD
Item
Control group (n = 51)
Intervention group (n = 51)
Statistic
P value
Time to first flatus (hours)68.4 ± 18.255.8 ± 15.3t = 3.805< 0.001
Time to first bowel movement (hours)89.7 ± 22.576.4 ± 19.1t = 3.2240.002
Bowel sound recovery time (hours)45.6 ± 12.838.5 ± 11.2t = 3.0140.003
Time to first liquid diet intake (hours)76.8 ± 19.464.7 ± 16.8t = 3.4390.001
Time to first semi-liquid diet intake (hours)118.3 ± 28.6104.2 ± 24.7t = 2.7120.008
Time to normal diet recovery (days)6.8 ± 1.95.9 ± 1.6t = 2.6410.010
Nasogastric tube retention time (hours)58.7 ± 16.348.3 ± 14.1t = 3.5020.001
Postoperative gastric retention incidence12 (23.5)6 (11.8)χ2 = 2.5740.109
Full Size Table
Table 3 Comparison of postoperative mobility-related indicators between two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD
Item
Control group (n = 51)
Intervention group (n = 51)
Statistic
P value
Time to first ambulation (hours)54.6 ± 12.426.8 ± 8.7t = 13.052< 0.001
Time to first independent walking (hours)78.3 ± 18.958.4 ± 15.6t = 5.857< 0.001
Good activity tolerance at 24 hours postop28 (54.9)38 (74.5)χ2 = 4.1950.041
Good activity tolerance at 48 hours postop35 (68.6)44 (86.3)χ2 = 4.5580.033
Good activity tolerance at 72 hours postop42 (82.4)47 (92.2)χ2 = 2.1740.140
SBP change after first ambulation (mmHg)19 ± 814 ± 7t = 2.9340.004
HR change after first ambulation (bpm)16 ± 712 ± 6t = 2.7070.008
Walking ≥ 100 m on POD 331 (60.8)42 (82.4)χ2 = 5.8270.016
SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; POD: Postoperative day.
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Table 4 Comparison of quality of life and functional status assessment between two groups, mean ± SD
Item
Control group (n = 51)
Intervention group (n = 51)
t value
P value
Modified Barthel Index
    Preoperative87.2 ± 9.488.1 ± 8.90.5160.607
    Postoperative day 378.5 ± 11.283.8 ± 10.62.5420.012
    Postoperative day 784.3 ± 9.888.6 ± 8.72.3940.018
KPS score
    Preoperative86.5 ± 7.887.2 ± 7.30.4830.630
    Postoperative day 379.8 ± 8.684.2 ± 7.92.7820.006
    Postoperative day 784.7 ± 7.288.4 ± 6.82.7500.007
    At discharge87.8 ± 6.491.5 ± 5.83.1540.002
KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status.
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Table 5 Comparison of pain management-related indicators between two groups, mean ± SD
Item
Control group (n = 51)
Intervention group (n = 51)
Statistic
P value
VAS pain score (points)
    6 hours postoperatively5.2 ± 1.44.6 ± 1.3t = 2.3150.023
    12 hours postoperatively4.6 ± 1.34.1 ± 1.2t = 2.0640.042
    24 hours postoperatively4.1 ± 1.23.6 ± 1.1t = 2.2550.026
    48 hours postoperatively3.4 ± 1.12.9 ± 1.0t = 2.4650.015
    72 hours postoperatively2.8 ± 1.02.4 ± 0.9t = 2.1840.032
Analgesic medication usage (mg)156.7 ± 38.4127.8 ± 32.6t = 4.185< 0.001
Total PCA presses (times)48.6 ± 12.739.4 ± 11.2t = 3.936< 0.001
Effective PCA presses (times)32.4 ± 8.926.8 ± 7.6t = 3.5130.001
PSQI score (points)
    Postoperative day 111.8 ± 2.610.2 ± 2.3t = 3.3530.001
    Postoperative day 39.4 ± 2.38.1 ± 2.0t = 3.0830.003
    Postoperative day 77.2 ± 1.86.2 ± 1.6t = 3.0250.003
VAS: Visual Analog Scale; PCA: Patient-controlled analgesia; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
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Table 6 Comparison of postoperative complication occurrence between two groups, n (%)
Complication type
Control group (n = 51)
Intervention group (n = 51)
P value1
Intestinal obstruction3 (5.9)1 (2.0)0.617
Abdominal distension4 (7.8)3 (5.9)1.000
Nausea and vomiting1 (2.0)2 (3.9)1.000
Total incidence8 (15.7)6 (11.8)0.563
1Fisher’s exact test or χ2 test.
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