Effect of whole-process management protocol in preventing device-related intraoperative pressure injuries in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

Table 1 Comparison of general patient characteristics between the two patient groups, n (%) or mean ± SD

Project	Control group (n = 51)	Observation group (n = 53)	t/χ2	P value
Gender
Male	27 (52.94)	28 (54.90)	0.000	0.991
Female	24 (47.06)	25 (49.02)
Age (year)	45.27 ± 8.31	45.62 ± 8.19	-0.215	0.830
BMI (kg/m2)	22.37 ± 3.25	22.45 ± 3.28	-0.125	0.901
Types of surgery			0.577	0.447
Laparoscopic surgery	30 (58.82)	35 (68.63)
Open surgery	21 (41.18)	18 (35.29)
Surgery time (hour)	7.26 ± 2.31	7.35 ± 2.28	-0.222	0.825
Intraoperative positioning			0.551	0.759
Supine	35 (68.63)	37 (69.81)
Lithotomy	9 (17.65)	11 (20.75)
Lateral	7 (13.73)	5 (9.43)
Anesthesia type			0.116	0.733
GA + EA	39 (76.47)	42 (79.25)
GA	12 (23.53)	11 (20.75)
Intraoperative hypotension			0.124	0.725
Yes	9 (17.65)	8 (15.09)
No	42 (82.35)	45 (84.91)

BMI: Body mass index; GA + EA: Combined general-epidural anesthesia; GA: General anesthesia alone.

Table 2 Comparison of pressure injury incidence between the two patient groups, n (%)

Time point	Control group (n = 51)	Observation group (n = 53)	χ2	P value
Immediately after surgery	7 (13.73)	2 (3.77)	3.256	0.071
1 hour after surgery	9 (17.65)	3 (5.66)	3.659	0.056
1 day after surgery	14 (27.45)	3 (5.66)	9.025	0.003a
Stage 1	10 (19.61)	3 (5.66)
Stage 2	3 (5.88)	0 (0)
Stage ≥ 3	1 (1.96)	0 (0)

^aP < 0.01.

Table 3 Comparison of complication rates between the two patient groups, n (%)

Complication type	Control group (n = 51)	Observation group (n = 53)	χ2	P value
Nausea and vomiting	32 (62.75)	20 (37.74)	-	-
Sore throat	24 (47.06)	6 (11.32)	-	-
Abdominal distension	3 (5.88)	2 (3.77)	-	-
Incision infection	3 (5.88)	2 (3.77)	-	-
Pulmonary infection	3 (5.88)	1 (1.89)	-	-
Anastomotic fistula	2 (3.92)	1 (1.89)	-	-
Total complications	41 (80.39)	27 (50.94)	9.959	0.002a

^aP < 0.01.