Laparoscopic choledocholithotomy for gallbladder and common bile duct stones: Outcomes of primary closure vs T-tube drainage

Table 1 Comparison of baseline demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics between the two study cohorts, mean ± SD

Indicator	Primary closure group (n = 52)	T-tube drainage group (n = 50)	t, χ2 value	P value
Age (years)	52.4 ± 11.3	51.8 ± 12.1	0.268	0.789
Gender (M/F)	28/24	26/24	0.021	0.884
BMI (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.2	24.1 ± 3.5	-0.782	0.436
Hypertension (n)	13	11	0.151	0.698
Diabetes (n)	9	10	0.049	0.825

M: Male; F: Female; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparative analysis of baseline and postoperative (day 3) biochemical, hematologic, and electrolyte parameters, mean ± SD

Time point	Indicator	Primary closure group (n = 52)	T-tube drainage group (n = 50)	t value	P value
Preoperative	TBIL (μmol/L)	32.5 ± 15.2	33.1 ± 14.8	-0.202	> 0.05
	DBIL (μmol/L)	18.4 ± 8.1	18.9 ± 7.6	-0.324	> 0.05
	ALT (U/L)	98.5 ± 45.3	101.2 ± 50.1	-0.287	> 0.05
	AST (U/L)	85.7 ± 40.2	88.3 ± 42.5	-0.319	> 0.05
	ALP (U/L)	165.4 ± 55.6	170.2 ± 60.3	-0.418	> 0.05
	WBC (× 1012/L)	7.5 ± 2.1	7.6 ± 2.3	-0.231	> 0.05
	Na+ (mmol/L)	140.5 ± 3.2	140.8 ± 3.5	-0.456	> 0.05
	K+ (mmol/L)	4.1 ± 0.4	4.1 ± 0.5	0.000	> 0.05
Postoperative day 3	TBIL (μmol/L)	19.3 ± 6.7	25.3 ± 5.1	-5.142	< 0.05
	DBIL (μmol/L)	10.5 ± 4.2	14.8 ± 3.9	-5.373	< 0.05
	ALT (U/L)	28.5 ± 8.9	36.8 ± 10.1	-4.437	< 0.05
	AST (U/L)	59.8 ± 15.4	85.5 ± 16.2	-8.203	< 0.05
	ALP (U/L)	139.2 ± 18.1	154.2 ± 17.1	-4.360	< 0.05
	WBC (× 1012/L)	7.8 ± 2.5	7.9 ± 2.6	-0.198	> 0.05
	Na+ (mmol/L)	139.5 ± 3.8	138.2 ± 4.1	1.667	> 0.05
	K+ (mmol/L)	4.0 ± 0.5	3.9 ± 0.6	0.920	> 0.05

TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; WBC: White blood cell count; Na⁺: Sodium; K⁺: Potassium.

Table 3 Surgical performance and postoperative rehabilitation indicators across the study cohorts, mean ± SD

Indicator	Primary closure group (n = 52)	T-tube drainage group (n = 50)	t, χ2 value	P value
Stone count (n)	2.4 ± 1.2	2.5 ± 1.3	-0.402	> 0.05
Maximum stone diameter (mm)	8.5 ± 3.2	8.7 ± 3.5	-0.301	> 0.05
CBD diameter distribution (n)			8.247	< 0.05
< 8 mm	5	12
8-10 mm	18	20
10-15 mm	22	14
> 15 mm	7	4
Stone clearance success rate (Y/N, n)	52/0	50/0		> 0.05
Operation time (minute)	85.6 ± 18.4	110.3 ± 22.7	-6.084	< 0.05
Winslow foramen drainage (mL)	156.3 ± 45.2	358.7 ± 92.5	-14.123	< 0.05
Drain tube indwelling time (day)	3.2 ± 1.1	5.8 ± 1.6	-9.634	< 0.05
Postop hospitalization time length (day)	5.6 ± 1.8	8.3 ± 2.4	-6.517	< 0.05
Total treatment cost (Chinese yuan)	18500 ± 3200	23800 ± 4100	-7.343	< 0.05

Y: Yes; N: No; CBD: Common bile duct.

Table 4 Comparison of postoperative complications between the two groups

Group	n	Bile leak	Electrolyte disturbance	χ2 value	P value
Primary closure group	52	2	1	0.558	0.455
T-tube drainage group	50	4	7	4.022	0.045