Paraduodenal hernia with intestinal necrosis: Three case reports and review of literature

Table 1 Summary of reported paraduodenal hernia cases retrieved from PubMed (2005-2025)

Ref.	Sex	Age	Side	Symptoms	Duration of illness	Intestinal necrosis	Preoperative diagnosis confirmed	Diagnostic method	Misdiagnosis/delay	Surgical method	Outcome
Shrestha et al[1]	M	51 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, inability to pass stool or flatus	5 days	Y	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Wassef et al[10]	M	21 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea	Several months	N	N	Surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	Obstruction, reoperation
Deshmukh et al[11]	M	33 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	2 years	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Vel et al[6]	M	25 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	2 months	N	N	CECT and surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Alshdaifat et al[12]	M	31 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, constipation	3 days	N	N	CT with oral and intravenous contrast and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	Reoperation
Broadhurst et al[13]	M	50 years	Left	Epigastric pain, vomit	12 hours	N	Y	CECT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Deflaoui et al[2]	M	45 years	Left	Epigastric pain, bilious vomiting	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Sah et al[3]	M	59 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, inability to pass stool or flatus	3 days	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Nguyen et al[4]	M	49 years	Right	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, constipation	2 days	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Bhagvat et al[5]	M	30 years	Left	Abdominal distension, vomiting, obstipation	2 days	N	Y	CECT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Fysel et al[7]	M	Early 30 s	Right	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit	3 months	N	Y	CT	NR	Robotic surgery	C/R
Yodying[14]	F	56 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	1 day	Y	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Kadravello et al[15]	F	13 years	Left	Abdominal distension, vomit	1 week	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Shah et al[16]	M	15 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit	6 months	Y	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	Death
Tavasolizadeh and Dalili et al[17]	M	26 years	Right	Abdominal pain	1.5 months	N	N	Double-contrast CT and surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Charara et al[18]	F	19 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea	2 years	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Filotico et al[36]	NR	72 years	Left	Intraoperative incidental finding	NR	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Tanaka et al[8]	F	86 years	Right	Abdominal pain	8 hours	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Brogna et al[9]	M	83 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Acute	N	N	Contrast-enhanced MDCT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Atak et al[37]	M	47 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit	Acute	Y	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
H et al[31]	M	24 years	Right	Vomiting, pain in the right hypochondrium and right lumbar region	2 weeks	N	Y	CECT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Alblowi et al[38]	M	48 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea	24 hours	N	Y	Barium upper gastrointestinal study and CECT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Bhardwaj et al[39]	F	NR	Left	Intraoperative incidental finding	NR	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Cobb et al[19]	M	3 years	Left	Abdominal pain, constipation, anorexia, insomnia, vomit	6 days	N	N	CT and surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Ohira et al[40]	F	72 years	Right	Nausea, vomit, diarrhea, liver dysfunction, hypokalemia	7 years	N	Y	3D-CT and endoscopic duodenography	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Wang et al[23]	M	33 years	Right	Abdominal pain	4 hours	N	N	CT and surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Hina et al[41]	M	36 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea, inability to pass stool or flatus	3-4 years	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Shukla et al[42]	M	Teenager	Left	Abdominal pain	Over 1 year	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Anwar et al[43]	M	32 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Since childhood	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
AlSafadi and Smyk[44]	F	5 years	Left	Stomach pain, vomit, fever	NR	NR	NR	Autopsy	NR	NR	Death
Xue et al[22]	F	Early 30’s	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	20 years	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Trabelsi et al[45]	M	59 years	Left	Intestinal obstruction	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Puerta Vicente et al[46]	M	53 years	Right	Abdominal pain, distention	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Rampal et al[47]	M	26 years	NR	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, constipation	3 days	Y	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	Ostomy
Lamprou et al[35]	F	37 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea	6 hours	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Tong et al[48]	M	50 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	12 hours	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Wang et al[49]	M	8 years	Left	Cryptorchidism	NR	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Giordano et al[50]	M	19 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	6 months	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	Reoperation
Vierstraete and Maes[51]	M	42 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	12 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Gosalvez-Tejada et al[52]	F	15-week-old	Left	Bilious emesis	11 weeks	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Hudák et al[53]	M	39 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	3 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Ikoma et al[32]	M	9 years	Left	Abdominal pain	3 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Somuncu and Bozdağ[34]	M	28 years	Left	Abdominal pain	Acute	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Chikara et al[27]	M	30 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, a mass in left hypochondrium	14 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Chikara et al[27]	M	21 years	Left	Abdominal pain	15 hours	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Poudel et al[54]	M	36 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit	1.5 months	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Moshref et al[55]	M	55 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea	5 years	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Hasegawa et al[56]	F	17 years	Left	Abdominal pain	Since childhood	N	Y	CECT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Rajput et al[20]	F	20 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	2 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Manojlović et al[57]	M	39 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Since childhood	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Zachariah et al[58]	M	41 years	Left	Abdominal pain, constipation, postprandial bloating	1 week	N	Y	CECT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Oshita et al[59]	M	30 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	10 years	N	Y	CECT and upper gastrointestinal contrast radiography	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Omarov et al[60]	M	59 years	Right	Abdominal pain	4 days	N	Y	CT with oral and intravenous contrast	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Ismavel et al[33]	M	23 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit	2 hours	Y	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Vanmali et al[61]	M	57 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Recurrent	N	Y	CT with oral and intravenous contrast	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Udo and Obong[62]	M	33 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, vomit, inability to pass stool or flatus	6 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Bollampally et al[63]	M	29 years	Right	Abdominal pain, distention, bilious vomit	NR	N	Y	CECT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Misheva et al[64]	F	42 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Xu et al[65]	M	38 years	Left	Vomit, hematemesis	2 days	N	N	CT, ultrasound-guided abdominal puncture and Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Mizouni et al[66]	M	28 years	Left	Abdominal pain	1 day	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Peru et al[67]	M	29 years	Right	Abdominal pain	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Vu and Bui[68]	F	19 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distension, vomit	24 hours	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Kadhem et al[69]	M	26 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	2 months	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
John et al[70]	M	29 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea	24 hours	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
John et al[70]	F	39 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	Several years	N	Y	CT with oral and intravenous contrast	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
John et al[70]	F	29 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	1 day	N	N	Surgery	Y	Robotic surgery	Reoperation
Kwan et al[71]	F	18 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit, weight loss	6 weeks	N	Y	CT with oral and intravenous contrast	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Ma et al[72]	M	23 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, constipation	12 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Sakamoto and Lefor[73]	M	79 years	Left	Abdominal pain	5 years	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Walkner and Nebiker[74]	M	37 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	Acute	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Cho et al[75]	M	34 years	Left	Abdominal pain, postprandial nausea, vomit	Acute	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Sinensky et al[76]	M	53 years	Left	Abdominal pain	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Al Otaibi et al[77]	F	24 years	Left	Abdominal pain	Since childhood	N	Y	CECT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Cho et al[78]	M	30 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit	1 year	N	N	CECT and surgery	NR	NR	C/R
Kulendran et al[79]	M	25 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, constipation	16 hours	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Lopez et al[80]	M	16 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, constipation	5 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Jin et al[81]	M	83 years	Left	Abdominal pain	8 hours	N	Y	CECT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Moussa et al[82]	M	46 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	3 days	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Takagishi et al[83]	F	56 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	6 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Kim et al[84]	M	4 years	Right	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit	3 years	N	Y	CT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Bodur et al[85]	M	22 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	NR	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Manipadam et al[86]	F	31 years	Right	Abdominal pain, distension, vomit	2 months	N	N	CT and surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Martins et al[87]	F	17 years	Left	Abdominal pain	2 days	N	Y	Ultrasonography and CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Gökçal et al[88]	M	39 years	Left	Epigastric cramps, nausea, vomit	NR	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Sleiman et al[89]	M	76 years	Left	Abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomit, constipation	24 hours	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Wakabayashi et al[90]	M	76 years	Left	Abdominal pain	NR	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Alila et al[91]	M	50 years	Left	Abdominal pain,vomit, inability to pass stool or flatus	48 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Alila et al[91]	F	18 years	Right	Abdominal pain	Acute	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Joseph et al[92]	M	43 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, constipation	10 years	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Kozman and Fisher[93]	F	15 years	Left	Abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomit, fever	12 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	Reoperation
Lin and Liu[94]	M	16 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, bloody stool	acute	Y	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Volpi et al[95]	M	59 years	Left	Abdominal pain	1 year	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	Vomit, nausea and delayed gastric emptying after the surgery
Indiran and Maduraimuthu[96]	M	19 years	Left	Abdominal distention, constipation, vomit	3 days	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Barbosa et al[97]	M	73 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, vomit	acute	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Winder et al[24]	M	34 years	Left	Postprandial abdominal pain	3 years	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Liu[98]	M	35 years	Left	Abdominal pain	1 day	N	Y	CT with oral and intravenous contrast	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Kulkarni et al[99]	M	36 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, vomit	1 week	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Kulkarni et al[99]	M	42 years	Left	Subacute intestinal obstruction	1 year	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Mehra et al[100]	M	46 years	Right	Vomit, abdominal pain	3 days	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Mehra et al[100]	M	23 years	Right	Abdominal pain, distention, bilious vomit	Since childhood	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Zizzo et al[101]	M	43 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	2 days	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Yu et al[102]	F	40 years	Left	Abdominal pain	2 hours	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Lim et al[25]	F	42 years	Left	Postprandial abdominal pain, distention	2 years	N	N	CT and surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Gusz and Wright[103]	M	69 years	Left	Abdominal pain	2 years	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Suwanthanma et al[104]	M	80 years	Left	Abdominal pain, inability to pass stool or flatus	2 hours	Y	Y	CT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	Wound dehiscence and lung complication due to underlying COPD
Shi et al[105]	M	14 years	Left	Postprandial vomit, abdominal pain, nausea, syncope	6 years	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	An additional 12 operations, sepsis, renal failure, duodenal stump leak, full parenteral nutrition
Tomino et al[106]	M	23 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Licciardello et al[107]	M	45 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, constipation	10 days	Y	N	CT and surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Assenza et al[108]	M	67 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, diarrhoea, vomit	1 day	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Poh et al[109]	M	77 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	10 hours	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	Postoperative ileus, relieved after conservative treatment
Cundy et al[28]	M	55 years	Left	Abdominal pain, constipation, vomit, a soft non-pulsatile mass in the left lower quadrant of abdomen	3 years	Y	N	CT and surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	Melaena stool
Lee and Choi[110]	F	74 years	Left	Abdominal pain	3 hours	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Hassani et al[111]	M	55 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Several hours	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Erdas et al[112]	F	32 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	2 years	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Bouchentouf et al[113]	F	47 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Several years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Cengiz et al[114]	M	43 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, nausea, vomit, constipation	1 day	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Siddika et al[29]	M	35 years	Left	Postprandial vomit, abdominal pain, a mass in the left upper quadrant of abdomen	Since childhood	N	Y	CT	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Torcivia et al[115]	F	47 years	Left	Intraoperative incidental finding	NR	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Öztaş et al[116]	M	42 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	Since childhood	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Martín-Lagos-Maldonado et al[117]	M	52 years	Right	Abdominal pain, nausea	Several months	N	N	CECT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Al-Khyatt et al[118]	M	47 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, a tender mass in the left upper quadrant of abdomen	2 years	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Mozaffar et al[119]	F	41 years	Left	Constipation, anorexia, bilious vomit	3 days	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Manfredelli et al[120]	F	86 years	Right	Abdominal pain, distention, vomit, nausea, constipation	1 day	Y	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Coakley et al[121]	M	25 years	Left	Abdominal pain	2 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Omland and Hougen[122]	F	73 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, diarrhea, constipation	10 days	NR	NR	Autopsy	Y	NR	Death
Kondo and Adachi[123]	M	76 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea	3 years	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	NR
Hafeez Bhatti and Khan[124]	F	18 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, constipation	5 days	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	Ostomy
Hussein et al[125]	F	59 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, nausea	10 years	N	N	CT with oral and intravenous contrast and surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Akbulut et al[126]	M	42 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea, constipation	3 days	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Nam et al[127]	F	12 years	Left	Abdominal pain, postprandial nausea	1 month	N	Y	CT and small bowel series	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Nam et al[127]	M	3 months	Left	Irritability	Several days	N	Y	CT and small bowel series	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Lu and Liu[128]	F	45 years	Right	Abdominal pain	NR	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Lu and Liu[128]	M	15 years	Right	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit	2 years	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Lam et al[129]	M	14 years	Right	Abdominal pain, constipation, bilious vomit, nausea	Acute	Y	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Nuño-Guzmán et al[130]	M	41 years	Right	Postprandial vomit, nausea, abdominal pain, distention	3 months	N	Y	CT and upper gastrointestinal series	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
de Paula et al[131]	F	27 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea	6 days	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Liao et al[132]	F	45 years	Right	Abdominal pain	12 hours	N	Y	CECT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Al-Mufarrej et al[133]	M	42 years	Left	Abdominal pain	6 hours	N	N	Surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Ghorbel et al[134]	F	2 months	Left	Bilious vomit	12 hours	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Zaz et al[135]	M	60 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, a mass in right upper quadrant of abdomen	8 hours	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Fernández-Rey et al[136]	M	39 years	Left	Abdominal pain	NR	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Falk et al[137]	F	76 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea, a mass in left upper quadrant of abdomen	1 day	Y	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Parmar and Parmar[138]	M	38 years	Left	Abdominal pain	5 years	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Abdullah et al[139]	F	48 years	Right	Abdominal pain, distention	24 hours	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Yun et al[140]	M	38 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Several hours	N	Y	Upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Lederer et al[141]	F	A fetus at 30 weeks and 3 days of gestation	Right	Ascites developed at 16 weeks of gestation and gradually increased, caesarean section at 30 + 3 weeks gestation, no spontaneous respiration, cyanotic, petechial bleeding and curled dammed veins on the abdomen	14 weeks	N	N	Autopsy	Y	NR	Death
Khalaileh et al[142]	F	53 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea	Acute	N	Y	CT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Fukada et al[143]	M	46 years	Right	Abdominal pain	Acute	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	SMAS, duodenojejunostomy
Seya et al[144]	F	77 years	Left	Intraoperative incidental finding	NR	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Lin et al[145]	M	30 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit	1 week	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Downes and Cawich[146]	M	47 years	Left	Abdominal pain	1 year	Y	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Okan et al[147]	M	43 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, a mass in the left upper quadrant	NR	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Teng and Yamout[148]	M	16 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Several hours	N	N	CT upper gastrointestinal contrast and Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Cho et al[149]	M	63 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	1 week	Y	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Bittner et al[150]	F	26 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea	6 years	N	N	CT of the abdomen with oral and intravenous contrast and surgery	Y	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Poultsides et al[151]	F	67 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit, constipation	3 days	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Uchiyama et al[152]	F	80 years	Left	Abdominal pain	NR	N	N	CT, upper gastrointestinal series and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Wang et al[153]	M	22 years	Left	Abdominal pain	2 years	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Kuzinkovas et al[154]	M	59 years	Left	Rectal bleeding, lethargy, tiredness, abdominal pain	1 year	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Jarboui et al[155]	M	17 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit	NR	Y	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	Intestinal obstruction, reoperation
Lin et al[156]	M	15 years	Right	Abdominal pain, vomit, nausea	NR	N	Y	MDCT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
El Sharkawy and Al-Nakshabandi[157]	M	38 years	Left	Abdominal pain, distention, nausea, vomit	2 weeks	N	Y	Small bowel follow-through examination, CECT	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Prada-Arias et al[158]	F	9 months	Right	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit	4 months	N	Y	CECT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Descloux and Wiens[159]	F	65 years	Left	Intraoperative incidental finding	NR	Y	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Shoji et al[160]	M	60 years	Left	Abdominal pain	NR	N	Y	CT, MRI and barium enema	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Dassinger and Eubanks[161]	M	13 years	Right	CT incidental finding	NR	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Kandpal et al[162]	M	26 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	3 days	N	Y	MRI, CECT and barium enema	Y	NR	C/R
Papaziogas et al[163]	F	35 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit, dyspepsia	Since childhood	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Brehm et al[164]	F	54 years	Left	Abdominal pain	Several years	N	Y	CT	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Thoma et al[165]	F	72 years	Left	Abdominal pain	30 years	N	N	Gastrointestinal barium study, CT and surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Singh et al[166]	M	37 years	Left	Abdominal pain	1 week	N	N	Surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Socas Macías et al[167]	M	47 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Since adolescence	N	N	Surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Kurachi et al[168]	F	47 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea	NR	N	Y	CT	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Meeussen et al[26]	M	58 years	Left	Postprandial abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, constipation	Several weeks	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Cingi et al[169]	M	30 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	6 months	N	N	CT and surgery	Y	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Moon et al[170]	M	18 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	Acute	N	N	CT and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Huang YM et al[171]	M	24 years	Left	Abdominal pain, bilious vomit	6 months	N	N	CT, upper gastrointestinal series and surgery	NR	Laparoscopic exploration	C/R
Yang et al[172]	F (3), M (13)	15-67 years	Left (13), right (3)	Postprandial abdominal pain (3); nausea, vomiting, and severe epigastric pain after strenuous exercise or sudden postural changes (13); hematochezia (6); a mass in left/right upper quadrant of abdomen (3)	2-4 hours (6), 5-7 hours (10)	Y (4), N (12)	Y (2), N (14)	X-ray (16), CT (6), BUS (6), abdominal paracentesis (3) and surgery (14)	Y (14), NR (2)	Exploratory laparoscopy (16)	C/R (16)
Ovali et al[173]	F	52 years	Left	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit	3 years	N	Y	CT of the abdomen with oral and intravenous contrast	NR	Non-surgical management	C/R
Tainaka et al[174]	F	3 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	5 days	N	N	CT, small bowel follow-through image and surgery	NR	Exploratory laparoscopy	C/R
Osadchy et al[175]	M	48 years	Left	Abdominal pain, vomit	Several months	N	Y	CT of the abdomen with oral and intravenous contrast	Y	NR	C/R

Data derived from a systematic PubMed search (2005-2025) using the terms “paraduodenal hernia”. Inclusion criteria: Confirmed paraduodenal hernia, original patient data; exclusion: Duplicates. Two independent reviewers performed screening and data extraction. Sex: M: Male; F: Female; NR: Not reported. Side: Left: Left paraduodenal hernia; Right: Right paraduodenal hernia; NR: Not reported. Intestinal necrosis: Y: Yes; N: No; NR: Not reported. Preoperative diagnosis confirmed: Y: Preoperative diagnosis confirmed by imaging/pathology; N: Not confirmed preoperatively; NR: Not reported. Misdiagnosis/delay: Y: History of misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis; NR: Not reported. Outcome: C/R: Complete recovery; Reoperation: Required additional surgery; Death: Died during follow-up; Ostomy: Required ostomy; NR: Not reported. CT: Computed tomography; CECT: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography; MDCT: Multi-detector computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; BUS: B-mode ultrasound; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SMAS: Superficial musculoaponeurotic system.