Impact of multi-dimensional monitoring combined with wearable devices on early physical recovery in postoperative liver cancer patients

doi:10.4240/wjgs.117962

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Surg. Jun 27, 2026; 18(6): 117962
Published online Jun 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.117962

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between two groups, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 305)	Control group (n = 184)	Observation group (n = 121)	Statistic	P value
Age, mean ± SD	59.10 ± 8.11	58.75 ± 7.82	59.62 ± 8.54	t = -0.92	0.360
Gender				χ² = 0.41	0.524
Female	92 (30.16)	58 (31.52)	34 (28.10)
Male	213 (69.84)	126 (68.48)	87 (71.90)
BMI, mean ± SD	23.09 ± 2.21	22.99 ± 2.19	23.25 ± 2.24	t = -1.03	0.305
Hypertension				χ² = 2.88	0.090
Without	230 (75.41)	145 (78.80)	85 (70.25)
With	75 (24.59)	39 (21.20)	36 (29.75)
Diabetes				χ² = 1.73	0.188
Without	255 (83.61)	158 (85.87)	97 (80.17)
With	50 (16.39)	26 (14.13)	24 (19.83)
Tumor diameter, mean ± SD	4.54 ± 1.57	4.56 ± 1.58	4.51 ± 1.57	t = 0.27	0.789
Surgery duration, mean ± SD	161.77 ± 33.23	161.76 ± 33.45	161.79 ± 33.03	t = -0.01	0.995
Pringle time, mean ± SD	17.52 ± 5.35	17.71 ± 5.28	17.24 ± 5.47	t = 0.75	0.454
Child-Pugh				χ² = 3.01	0.083
A	258 (84.59)	161 (87.50)	97 (80.17)
B	47 (15.41)	23 (12.50)	24 (19.83)
Cirrhosis				χ² = 0.68	0.409
Without	60 (19.67)	39 (21.20)	21 (17.36)
With	245 (80.33)	145 (78.80)	100 (82.64)
Tumor number				χ² = 0.15	0.695
Single	265 (86.89)	161 (87.50)	104 (85.95)
Multiple	40 (13.11)	23 (12.50)	17 (14.05)
ECOG				χ² = 1.55	0.213
0	212 (69.51)	123 (66.85)	89 (73.55)
1	93 (30.49)	61 (33.15)	32 (26.45)

BMI: Body mass index; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

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Table 2 Longitudinal changes in six-minute walk test distance between groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	6WMT
Group	n	Admission	One week	One month
Observation group	121	527.46 ± 45.27	410.52 ± 54.71^a	492.71 ± 53.14^a
Control group	184	531.27 ± 51.74	337.85 ± 63.28	441.63 ± 61.02
F value	-	F-group = 108.87, F-time = 576.03, F-interaction = 36.73
P value	-	P-group < 0.001, P-time < 0.001, P-interaction < 0.001

^aP < 0.001 vs the control group.

6MWT: Six-minute walk test.

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Table 3 Longitudinal changes in Borg perceived exertion scale between groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	Borg
Group	n	Admission	One week	One month
Observation group	121	0.58 ± 0.37	3.12 ± 1.18^a	0.76 ± 0.52^b
Control group	184	0.60 ± 0.38	3.43 ± 1.35	1.13 ± 0.63
F value	-	F-group = 18.05, F-time = 591.45, F-interaction = 10.29
P value	-	P-group < 0.001, P-time < 0.001, P-interaction < 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.001 vs the control group.

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Table 4 Longitudinal changes in serum alanine aminotransferase levels between groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	ALT (U/L)
Group	n	Admission	One week	One month
Observation group	121	45.34 ± 13.62	152.56 ± 37.29^a	65.38 ± 21.47^a
Control group	184	43.27 ± 11.56	205.69 ± 55.35	113.25 ± 34.51
F value	-	F-group = 211.15, F-time = 1183.77, F-interaction = 115.64
P value	-	P-group < 0.001, P-time < 0.001, P-interaction < 0.001

^aP < 0.001 vs the control group.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

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Table 5 Longitudinal changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels between groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	AST (U/L)
Group	n	Admission	One week	One month
Observation group	121	47.52 ± 16.43	112.34 ± 31.55^a	53.71 ± 19.66^a
Control group	184	48.35 ± 18.29	144.75 ± 39.25	86.53 ± 28.45
F value	-	F-group = 143.11, F-time = 608.14, F-interaction = 51.38
P value	-	P-group < 0.001, P-time < 0.001, P-interaction < 0.001

^aP < 0.001 vs the control group.

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

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Table 6 Longitudinal changes in serum albumin levels between groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	ALB (g/L)
Group	n	Admission	One week	One month
Observation group	121	39.56 ± 8.91	34.27 ± 5.46	37.89 ± 6.51^a
Control group	184	38.74 ± 8.52	33.39 ± 4.93	35.73 ± 6.15
F value	-	F-group = 7.64, F-time = 44.65, F-interaction = 1.04
P value	-	P-group = 0.006, P-time < 0.001, P-interaction = 0.356

^aP < 0.01 vs the control group.

ALB: Albumin.

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Table 7 Comparison of quality-of-life scores at admission and one month after surgery, mean ± SD

Group	n	Symptom		Physical		Social		Psychological		Total
Group	n	Admission	One month	Admission	One month	Admission	One month	Admission	One month	Admission	One month
Observation group	121	19.86 ± 5.13	25.85 ± 5.67	31.12 ± 6.27	35.94 ± 6.71	23.67 ± 5.88	26.84 ± 6.17	29.62 ± 5.84	35.85 ± 6.53	104.27 ± 11.01	124.49 ± 11.90
Control group	184	20.44 ± 5.28	24.93 ± 5.81	30.78 ± 6.63	32.58 ± 6.31	24.08 ± 5.63	25.75 ± 6.58	29.83 ± 6.09	33.14 ± 6.46	105.12 ± 11.61	116.40 ± 12.63
t value	-	0.95	-1.37	-0.46	-4.44	0.61	-1.45	0.30	-3.57	0.64	-5.59
P value	-	0.343	0.172	0.648	< 0.001	0.545	0.147	0.763	< 0.001	0.523	< 0.001

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Table 8 Multivariable linear regression analysis of factors associated with 1-month quality-of-life total score

Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variables	β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value
Group
Control	0.00 (reference)	-	0.00 (reference)	-	0.00 (reference)	-
Observation	8.09 (5.25-10.92)	< 0.001	7.93 (5.11-10.75)	< 0.001	8.18 (5.35-11.02)	< 0.001

Model 1: Crude; Model 2: Adjust for age, gender, and body mass index; Model 3: Adjust for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, number of tumours, tumour diameter. CI: Confidence interval.

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Table 9 Comparison of complications, n (%)

Group	n	Incision infection	Ascites	Pulmonary infection	Biliary fistula	Total
Observation group	121	5 (4.13)	5 (4.13)	2 (1.65)	0 (0.00)	12 (9.92)
Control group	184	8 (4.35)	16 (8.70)	5 (2.72)	6 (3.26)	35 (19.02)
χ² value	-	-	-	-	-	4.64
P value	-	-	-	-	-	0.031

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Citation: Qiu FX, Li H. Impact of multi-dimensional monitoring combined with wearable devices on early physical recovery in postoperative liver cancer patients. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(6): 117962
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i6/117962.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.117962

Qiu FX, Li H. Impact of multi-dimensional monitoring combined with wearable devices on early physical recovery in postoperative liver cancer patients. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(6): 117962 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.117962]

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