Impact of incision preference and umbilical care on laparoscopic cholecystectomy outcomes: A randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Characteristics of patients (n = 80), n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics		Results
BMI		24.71 ± 2.8
Age		48.67 ± 10.40
Gender	Female	44 (55)
	Male	36 (45)
Number of comorbid disease	0	21 (26.2)
	1	39 (48.8)
	2 or more	20 (25)
ASA score	ASA 1	21 (26.3)
	ASA 2	59 (71.8)
Smoker	No	57 (71.3)
	Yes	23 (28.2)
Alcohol use	No	52 (65)
	Yes	28 (35)
Previous abdominal surgery	No	69 (86.2)
	Yes	11 (13.8)
Total		80 (100)

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2 Comparison of general characteristics of patients between intervention and control groups (n = 80), n (%)/mean ± SD

		Intervention group, UCTI (n = 40)	Control group, SCPI (n = 40)	P value
BMI		24.6 ± 3.05	24.7 ± 2.74	0.911
Age		49.65 ± 9.3	47.70 ± 11.42	0.401
Gender	Female	20 (50)	24 (60)	0.362
	Male	20 (50)	16 (40)
Number of comorbid disease	0	9 (22.5)	12 (30)	0.652
	1	21 (52.5)	18 (45)
	2 or more	10 (25)	10 (25)
ASA score	ASA 1	9 (22.5)	12 (30)	0.442
	ASA 2	31 (77.5)	28 (70)
Smoker	No	26 (65)	31 (77.5)	0.212
	Yes	14 (35)	9 (22.5)
Alcohol use	No	27 (67.5)	25 (62.5)	0.632
	Yes	13 (32.5)	15 (37.5)
Previous abdominal surgery	No	33 (82.5)	36 (90.0)	0.332
	Yes	7 (17.5)	4 (10.0)
Total		40 (50)	40 (50)

¹Independent sample t test.

²χ² test.

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; UCTI: Umbilical care and transumbilical incision; SCPI: Standard care and periumbilical incision.

Table 3 Comparison of the distribution of operative time, surgical site infection, length of hospital stay, incisional hernia development, and cosmetic satisfaction levels between the groups, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (minimum-maximum)

Variable		Intervention group, UCTI (n = 40)	Control group, SCPI (n = 40)	P value
Operative time (minutes)		105.75 ± 22.40	116.87 ± 24.22	0.0361
Length of hospital stay (days)		1 (1-3)	1 (1-4)	0.0773
Complication (incisional hernia, SSI within 1 month)	Yes	3 (3.8)	1 (1.2)	0.6152
	No	37 (46.3)	39 (48.8)
SSI	Yes	1 (1.2)	2 (2.5)	1.0002
	No	39 (48.8)	38 (47.5)
Cosmetic satisfaction level (VAS)		9 (7-10)	7 (5-9)	< 0.0011
PSAS score		25 (15-46)	35 (15-60)	0.0013
PSAS item 7 score (patients’ overall opinion of the scar)		3 (1-5)	6 (4-8)	< 0.0013
OSAS score		16.5 (6-39)	28.5 (20-53)	< 0.0013
OSAS item 7 score (observer’s overall opinion of the scar)		3 (1-6)	5.5 (2-8)	< 0.0013

¹Independent sample t test.

²Fisher’s exact test.

³Mann Whitney U test.

SSI: Surgical site infection; VAS: Visual analog scale; PSAS: Patient scar assessment scale; OSAS: Observer scar assessment scale; UCTI: Umbilical care and transumbilical incision; SCPI: Standard care and periumbilical incision.