Individual and family self-management for high-risk gastrointestinal bleeding in older adults

Table 1 Comparison of general data between the two groups

Item	Observation group (n = 75)	Control group (n = 75)	χ2/t	P value
Gender			0.440	0.507
Male	46	42
Female	29	33
Age (years)	72.08 ± 3.39	71.42 ± 3.28	1.212	0.228
Medication use			0.466	0.926
Antiplatelet agents	28	25
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	17	18
Anticoagulants	11	10
None	19	22
Comorbidities			0.450	0.799
Hypertension with diabetes	26	28
Coronary heart disease	16	18
Peptic ulcer	33	29
Complicated with gastrointestinal tumor	4	2	0.174	0.677
Education level			0.883	0.643
Primary school or below	50	48
Junior high school	21	20
Senior high school or above	4	7

Table 2 Comparison of Self-Management Ability Scale-Short Form scores for self-management behaviors between the two groups (score, mean ± SD)

Group	Before Intervention	After Intervention	t value	P value
Observation group (n = 75)	48.86 ± 6.69	73.51 ± 5.20	25.194	< 0.001
Control group (n = 75)	50.17 ± 7.39	68.73 ± 5.16	17.833	< 0.001
t value	1.138	5.561	-	-
P value	0.257	< 0.001	-	-

Table 3 Comparison of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores between the two groups (point, mean ± SD)

Group	Anxiety		Depression
	Before	After	Before	After
Observation group (n = 75)	12.08 ± 2.17	5.39 ± 1.04	11.41 ± 2.14	4.82 ± 1.01
Control group (n = 75)	11.87 ± 2.26	6.75 ± 1.08	10.96 ± 2.38	5.91 ± 1.13
t value	0.580	7.855	1.218	6.228
P value	0.562	< 0.001a	0.225	< 0.001a

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group before intervention.

Table 4 Comparison of Morisky compliance between the two groups (point, mean ± SD)

Group	Before intervention	After intervention	t value	P value
Observation group (n = 75)	4.68 ± 1.01	7.10 ± 0.48	18.741	< 0.001
Control group (n = 75)	4.82 ± 1.03	6.38 ± 0.51	11.754	< 0.001
t value	0.840	8.903	-	-
P value	0.402	< 0.001	-	-

Table 5 Comparison of disease uncertainty between the two groups (point, mean ± SD)

Group	Uncertainty		Complexity		Unpredictability		Inconsistency
	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
Observation group (n = 75)	36.71 ± 3.25	52.47 ± 3.68	16.67 ± 2.18	26.80 ± 2.40	11.76 ± 1.86	18.82 ± 1.47	17.83 ± 2.36	25.76 ± 2.81
Control group (n = 75)	37.36 ± 3.60	46.71 ± 4.15	17.10 ± 2.64	21.76 ± 2.39	12.08 ± 2.03	15.60 ± 1.54	18.29 ± 2.43	22.37 ± 2.49
t value	1.161	8.993	1.088	12.887	1.007	13.098	1.176	7.820
P value	0.248	< 0.001a	0.279	< 0.001a	0.316	< 0.001a	0.241	< 0.001a

^aP < 0.05 vs the baseline level before intervention in the same group.

Table 6 Comparison of family caregiving burden between the two groups (point, mean ± SD)

Group	Individual burden		Role burden
	Before	After	Before	After
Observation group (n = 75)	33.14 ± 3.39	16.74 ± 2.73	28.60 ± 3.14	14.47 ± 2.54
Control group (n = 75)	32.75 ± 3.51	19.95 ± 3.18	27.76 ± 3.39	17.39 ± 2.95
t value	0.692	6.633	1.574	6.496
P value	0.490	< 0.001a	0.118	< 0.001a

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group before intervention.

Table 7 Comparison of health management behaviors between the two groups (point, mean ± SD)

Group	Before	After	t value	P value
Observation group (n = 75)	78.68 ± 8.36	118.74 ± 6.64	32.496	< 0.001
Control group (n = 75)	81.49 ± 9.81	102.47 ± 7.13	14.982	< 0.001
t value	1.888	14.462
P value	0.061	< 0.001