Advancements in nutritional diagnosis and support strategies during the perioperative period for patients with liver cancer

Table 1 Nutritional screening-first-tier diagnosis tools comparison

Feature	NRS 2002	MUST	MNA-SF	RFH-NPT	LDUST
Age	√
Diseases	√	√		√
Weight	√	√	√	√
Weight change	√	√	√	√	√
Nutritional intake	√	√	√	√	√
Appetite			√
Motility			√		√
Psychological stress			√
Mental stat			√
Fluid retention				√	√
Fats					√
Muscle					√
Calf circumference			√

√ Indicates that the content is included in the assessment form. LDUST: Liver disease undernutrition screening tool; MNA-SF: Mini nutritional assessment-short form; MUST: Malnutrition universal screening tool; NRS 2002: Nutritional risk screening 2002; RFH-NPT: Royal Free Hospital nutritional prioritizing.

Table 2 Subjective global assessment

Indicator	A	B	C
	Optimal nutritional status	Mild to moderate malnutrition	Severe malnutrition
Recent weight change	None/increase	Decrease of less than 5%	Decrease of more than 5%
Modification in dietary habits	None	Reduction	Abstaining from food/low-calorie liquid diet
Gastrointestinal symptoms	None/decreased appetite	Mild nausea, vomiting	Severe nausea, vomiting
Change in mobility	None/decreased	Able to walk out of bed	Bedridden
Stress response	None/low degree	Moderate degree	High degree
Muscle depletion	None	Mild	Severe
Triceps skinfold thickness in mm	Normal	Slight decrease	Significant decrease
Ankle swelling	None	Mild	Severe

Table 3 Patient-generated subjective global assessment

Feature	Patient self-assessment				Medical staff assessment
Items	Weight change	Food intake	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Activities and functions	Diseases and Age	Metabolic emergency	Physical fitness (muscle, fat, body fluids)
Score	0-5	0-5	0-23	0-3	0-6	0-9	0-3

Table 4 Global leadership initiative on malnutrition

Phenotypic indicators			Etiological indicators
Involuntary decline in body mass	Reduction in BMI	Decrease in muscle mass	Decreased food intake or impaired digestion and absorption	Inflammation or disease burden
Body mass reduction exceeding 5% within a span of 6 mo	Below 20 kg/m2 for individuals under 70 yr of age; below 22 kg/m2 for individuals aged 70 and above (according to European and American standards)	None	Food intake below 50% of energy requirements for more than 1 wk	Acute illness or injury
Body mass reduction exceeding 10% over a period of more than 6 mo	Below 18.5 kg/m2 for individuals under 70 yr of age; below 20 kg/m2 for individuals aged 70 and above (according to Asian standards)		Food intake reduction for more than 2 wk	Chronic disease
—	—		Any gastrointestinal symptoms that affect digestion and absorption

—: Intentionally blank, no information. BMI: Body mass index.