Evaluating the use of three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology for precise laparoscopic resection in gastroesophageal junction cancer

Table 1 Analysis of patient characteristics in each group, n (%)

Variables	3D group (n = 52)	2D group (n = 68)	χ2/t value	P value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)	51.96 ± 8.30	50.28 ± 9.10	1.042	0.300
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	21.68 (19.62, 24.92)	22.06 (20.45, 23.92)	-0.172	0.863
Sex			2.631	0.105
Male	38 (73.08)	40 (58.82)
Female	14 (26.92)	28 (41.18)
Pathological pattern			0.502	0.778
Squamous cell carcinoma	15 (28.85)	18 (26.47)
Adenocarcinoma	24 (46.15)	29 (42.65)
Other	13 (25.00)	21 (30.88)
Helicobacter pylori infection			0.900	0.343
Yes	12 (23.08)	21 (30.88)
No	40 (76.92)	47 (69.12)
Siewert type			1.222	0.269
II	23 (44.23)	37 (54.41)
III	29 (55.77)	31 (45.59)
Scope of resection			0.351	0.554
Whole stomach	27 (51.92)	39 (57.35)
Proximal stomach	25 (48.08)	29 (42.65)
Operative route			0.2115	0.643
Transthoracic approach	35 (67.31)	43 (63.24)
Transabdominal	17 (32.69)	25 (36.76)
Maximum tumor diameter			0.543	0.461
< 3 cm	24 (46.15)	36 (52.94)
≥ 3 cm	28 (53.85)	32 (47.06)
Infiltration length			1.211	0.271
< 5 cm	20 (38.46)	33 (48.53)
≥ 5 cm	32 (61.54)	35 (51.47)

BMI: Body mass index; 3D: Three-dimensional; 2D: Two-dimensional.

Table 2 Tumor conditions under three-dimensional reconstruction visualization and clinical practice, n (%)

	3D (n = 52)	Clinical practice (n = 52)	χ2/t value	P value
Maximum tumor diameter			0.346	0.556
< 3 cm	27 (51.92)	24 (46.15)
≥ 3 cm	25 (48.08)	28 (53.85)
Infiltration length			0.357	0.550
< 5 cm	23 (44.23)	20 (38.46)
≥ 5 cm	29 (55.77)	32 (61.54)

3D: Three-dimensional.

Table 3 Comparison of intraoperative indices between the three- and two-dimensional groups (mean ± SD)

Variables	3D group (n = 52)	2D group (n = 68)	χ2/t value	P value
Operative time (min)	157.02 ± 8.38	183.16 ± 23.87	-8.381	< 0.001
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	83.65 ± 14.22	110.94 ± 22.05	-8.212	< 0.001
Number of lymph node dissections (n)	28.98 ± 2.82	23.56 ± 2.77	10.539	< 0.001
R0 resection rate (%)	80.77% (42/52)	61.64% (42/68)	5.068	0.024

3D: Three-dimensional; 2D: Two-dimensional.

Table 4 Comparison of postoperative indices between the three- and two-dimensional groups

Variables	3D group (n = 52)	2D group (n = 68)	Z value	P value
Postoperative hospital stay (d, IQR)	8 (8, 9)	13 (14, 16)	-9.341	< 0.001
Postoperative gas evacuation time (d, IQR)	3 (3, 4)	4 (5, 5)	-7.402	< 0.001
Drainage tube removal time (d, IQR)	4 (4, 5)	6 (6, 7)	-8.413	< 0.001

IQR: Interquartile range; 3D: Three-dimensional; 2D: Two-dimensional.