Near-infrared cholangiography with intragallbladder indocyanine green injection in minimally invasive cholecystectomy

Table 1 An overview of included studies

Ref.	Study type	Patients included	Surgery indication	Visualization of biliary structures (%)
				Hartmann’s pouch	Cystic duct	Common bile duct	Common hepatic duct	Critical junction of cystic duct-common bile duct
Liu et al[12], 2018	Prospective, cohort study	46	n = 21 symptomatic lithiasis; n=25 cholecystitis	-86.9% before dissection; -89.1% after dissection	-32.6% before dissection; -84.7% after dissection	-58.6% before dissection; -78.2% after dissection	-45.6% before dissection; -73.9% after dissection	Non stated
Graves et al[19], 2017	Prospective, cohort study	11	n = 8 biliary colic; n = 1 biliary dyskinesia; n = 2 acute cholecystitis	Non stated	0.909	Non stated	Non stated	0.909
Quaresima et al[20], 2020	Matched, case-control study	2 patients received intragallbladder ICG (42 received intravenous ICG administration and 44 patients underwent IOC)	Acute or chronic cholecystitis	Non stated1	-95.4% before dissection; -95.4% after dissection1	-90.1% before dissection; -97.7% after dissection1	-90.1% before dissection; -97.7% after dissection1	-79.5% before dissection; -97.7% after dissection1
Jao et al[16], 2020	Case reports	2	Acute cholecystitis	Non stated	1	1	Non stated	1
Gené Škrabec et al[18], 2020	Case-control study	20 patients received intragallbladder ICG (20 patients underwent standard LC under wight light)	Non stated	80%2	80%2	56%2	Non stated1	45%2
Cárdenas et al[17], 2021	Prospective, cohort study	23	Symptomatic cholelithiasis or acute cholecystitis	Non stated	-16.7% before dissection; -100.0% after dissection	-65.2% before dissection; -91.3% after dissection	-30.4% before dissection; -47.8% after dissection	Non stated
Shibata et al[21], 2021	Prospective, cohort study	12	Acute cholecystitis	Non stated	-16.7% before dissection; -100% after dissection	-58.3% before dissection; -100% after dissection	-58.3% before dissection; -100% after dissection	Non stated
Castagneto-Gissey et al[22], 2022	Case-control study	17 patients received intragallbladder ICG; and 18 patients intravenous ICG administration	n = 14 acute or chronic cholecystitis; n = 2 choledocholithiasis n = 1 adenomyomatosis	Intragallbladder ICG group
				Non stated	-76.5% before dissection; -88.2% after dissection	76.5%	5.9%	47.1%
				Intravenous ICG group
				Non stated	66.7% before dissection; -83.3% after dissection	77.8%	22.2%	61.1%

¹Rates of visualization refer to the total of 44 patients undergoing fluorescent cholangiography with intravenous or intragallbladder indocyanine green injection. Data regarding visualization of biliary structures with use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) are not provided due to the retrospective character of that group.

²Data regarding visualization of biliary structures with use of IOC are not provided due to the retrospective character of that group.

ICG: Indocyanine green; IOC: Intraoperative cholangiography; LC: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Table 2 An overview of systems used in different studies, the chosen technique of indocyanine green administration and dosage

Ref.	NIR-ICG fluorescence device	ICG dose/concentration	Technique of administration
Liu et al[12], 2018	A specific light source (D-Light P, Karl Storz, GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) with a NIR-enabled Hopkins 10-mm, 30° laparoscope (Karl Storz, GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany); a coupled IMAGE1 S camera head; the IMAGE1 S software enhancement mode	0.125 mg/mL; 10 mL	n = 18 PTGBD; n = 28 percutaneous punctures of the gallbladder with a Veress needle, using 2-0 Prolene stitch
Graves et al[19], 2017	A 30-degree 5 mm laparoscope with NIR imaging capability (Stryker Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI, United States)	0.025 mg/mL ICG-bile solution; 10 mL	Gallbladder puncture with a needle-tipped Kumar cholangiogram catheter or an 8Fr pigtail drainage catheter (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, IN, United States)
Quaresima et al[20], 2020	-Karl Storz Image 1S D-Light system (Karl Storz Endoscope GmbH & C. K., Tuttlingen Germany) with a 30° forward oblique vision laparoscope; use of adjunctive filters (Spectra A) intraoperatively	0.5 mg/mL; 4.0 mL	Gallbladder puncture with a Veress needle and close of the puncture site with suture material
Jao et al[16], 2020	Image 1 High-Definition fluorescence laparoscope (Karl Storz Endoscopes, Germany)	2.5-mg/mL; 5 mL	Via PTGBD
Gené Škrabec et al[18], 2020	Olympus EndoEye 3D camera	0.25 mg/mL; 2-3 mL	Gallbladder puncture with a Veress needle and closure of the entry point with a grasper, a stitch, or a clip
Cárdenas et al[17], 2021	Pinpoint fluorescence endoscopic imaging system (Novadaq/Stryker)	2.5 mg/mL; 2-4 mL	Percutaneous gallbladder puncture under direct vision in the fundus using a 22-gauge epidural needle (Spinocan, Braun); puncture site was closed using forceps
Shibata et al[21], 2021	Non stated	0.025 mg/mL; 1 mL	n = 3 percutaneous gallbladder punctures; n = 8 PTGBD; n = 1 ENBD
Castagneto-Gissey et al[22], 2022	Pinpoint Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging System (Novadaq/Stryker, Burnaby, Canada)	0.5 mg/mL; 5 mL	Percutaneous gallbladder puncture with a 27-gauge needle

NIR: Near infra-red; ICG: Indocyanine green; ENBD: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage; PTGBD: Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage catheter.