Effect of hyperthermia combined with opioids on cancer pain control and surgical stress in patients with gastrointestinal cancer

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the two groups of patients, n (%)

Baseline information	Group S (n = 35)	Group L (n = 35)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	58.54 ± 13.18	59.07 ± 13.76	0.165	0.869
Body mass index (kg/m2)	21.29 ± 1.92	21.18 ± 2.05	0.232	0.817
Sex			0.058	0.810
Male	19 (54.29)	20 (57.14)
Female	16 (45.71)	15 (42.86)
Tumor type			0.279	0.870
Gastric cancer	17 (48.57)	16 (45.71)
Rectum cancer	10 (28.57)	12 (34.29)
Colon cancer	8 (22.86)	7 (20.00)
Tumor pathological grading			0.357	0.550
Stage III	6 (17.14)	8 (22.86)
Stage IV	29 (82.86)	27 (77.14)
Primary tumor diameter (cm)	5.16 ± 1.83	5.31 ± 1.97	0.330	0.742
Main distant metastatic organs
Liver	10 (28.57)	13 (37.14)	0.583	0.445
Lungs	9 (25.71)	11 (31.43)	0.280	0.597
Peritoneum	17 (48.57)	22 (62.86)	1.447	0.229
Lymph node	15 (42.86)	13 (37.14)	0.238	0.626
Degree of cancer pain			0.245	0.621
Moderate	14 (40.00)	12 (34.29)
Severe	21 (60.00)	23 (65.71)

Table 2 Comparison of cancer pain before and after analgesic treatment between the two groups of patients

Item	Stage	Group S (n = 35)	Group L (n = 35)	t	P value
Average pain score (points)	Before analgesic treatment	5.79 ± 1.18	5.87 ± 1.24	0.277	0.783
	After analgesic treatment	4.56 ± 1.07a	3.28 ± 0.85a	5.541	< 0.001
Outbreak pain score (points)	Before analgesic treatment	7.52 ± 0.82	7.69 ± 0.93	0.334	0.739
	After analgesic treatment	6.04 ± 0.73a	5.14 ± 0.56a	5.787	< 0.001
Number of pain outbreaks in 24 hours (times)	Before analgesic treatment	3.35 ± 0.61	3.37 ± 0.65	0.133	0.895
	After analgesic treatment	2.38 ± 0.55a	1.82 ± 0.49a	4.498	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment within the group.

Table 3 Comparison of immune function indicators between the two groups of patients before and after pain relief treatment

Immune function indicators	Stage	Group S (n = 35)	Group L (n = 35)	t	P value
CD4+ (%)	Before analgesic treatment	29.67 ± 5.91	29.45 ± 5.72	0.158	0.875
	After analgesic treatment	26.05 ± 4.76a	29.18 ± 5.64	2.509	0.014
CD8+ (%)	Before analgesic treatment	25.16 ± 4.25	25.37 ± 4.48	0.201	0.841
	After analgesic treatment	29.23 ± 3.89a	26.28 ± 3.75	3.230	0.002
CD4+/CD8+	Before analgesic treatment	1.06 ± 0.23	1.04 ± 0.21	0.378	0.705
	After analgesic treatment	0.83 ± 0.17a	0.97 ± 0.12	3.980	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment within the group.

Table 4 Comparison of daily dosage and incidence of adverse reactions of opioid drugs between the two groups of patients, n (%)

Item	Group S (n = 35)	Group L (n = 35)	t/χ2	P value
Daily dosage of opioid drugs (mg)	78.65 ± 18.92	49.74 ± 13.65	7.331	< 0.001
Adverse reactions
Nausea and vomiting	16 (45.71)	6 (17.14)	6.629	0.010
Constipation	21 (60.00)	9 (25.71)	8.400	0.004
Dizziness and drowsiness	13 (37.14)	11 (31.43)	0.254	0.615
Delirium hallucination	3 (8.57)	2 (5.71)	0.215	0.643
Dysuria	9 (25.71)	2 (5.71)	5.285	0.022
Respiratory depression	2 (5.71)	1 (2.86)	0.348	0.555

Table 5 Comparison of surgical palliative surgery indicators between the two groups of patients

Item	Group S (n = 35)	Group L (n = 35)	t	P value
Surgery time (min)	184.65 ± 38.76	170.85 ± 31.69	1.631	0.108
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	372.53 ± 79.54	343.97 ± 83.92	1.461	0.149
Surgical stress indicators
COR (ug/L)	179.35 ± 27.86	161.43 ± 21.07	3.035	0.003
CRP (mg/L)	13.49 ± 2.17	10.51 ± 2.05	5.906	< 0.001

CRP: C-reactive protein; COR: Cortisol.

Table 6 Comparison of postoperative recovery time between the two groups of patients

Item	Group S (n = 35)	Group L (n = 35)	t	P value
First oral feeding time after surgery (d)	5.85 ± 1.24	4.95 ± 1.16	3.136	0.003
Postoperative hospitalization time (d)	14.49 ± 3.12	10.62 ± 2.43	5.789	< 0.001