Efficacy of multi-color near-infrared fluorescence with indocyanine green: A new imaging strategy and its early experience in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Table 1 Patient demographics and assessment on the visualization of biliary structures using the new multi-colour gradient fluorescence imaging, the traditional laparoscopy without fluorescence and the monochrome imaging, n (%)

Patient characteristic	MCFI (n = 35)	SCFI (n = 60)	Non-ICG (n = 60)
Age (years), median (range)	51.87 (31-70)	53.76 (23-85)	58.70 (27-81)
Sex ratio (M:F)	1.059	0.935	1.400
BMI (kg/m2), median	22.32	22.74	25.2
Preoperative diagnosis
Cholelithiasis	12 (34.29)	43 (67.3)	39 (65.0)
Acute cholecystitis	14 (40.00)	3 (3.3)	3 (5.0)
Chronic cholecystitisa,b	5 (14.3)	11 (20.4)	8 (13.3)
Gallbladder polyps	3 (8.6)	2 (2.2)	7 (11.7)
Cholecystic adenomyosis	1 (2.9)	1 (1.1)	3 (5.0)
Post-surgical complications
None	32 (91.43)	57 (95.00)	53 (88.3)
Pain	3 (8.57)	3 (5.00)	7 (11.7)
Operative time/minutes, medianb	85.00	83.42	108.0

^aP < 0.05 vs group multi-color fluorescence imaging.

^bP < 0.05 vs group multi-color fluorescence imaging and single green fluorescence imaging.

MCFI: Multi-colour fluorescence imaging; SCFI: Single green fluorescence imaging; ICG: Indocyanine green; M: Male; F: Female; BMI: Body mass index.