Risk factors and survival prediction model establishment for prognosis in patients with radical resection of gallbladder cancer

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing curative surgery for gallbladder cancer (n = 93), n (%)

Factor	n = 93
Age (mean ± SD)	64.18 ± 12.05
Age distribution
< 40	2 (2.15)
40-49	9 (9.68)
50-59	23 (24.73)
60-69	21 (22.58)
70-80	32 (34.41)
> 80	6 (6.45)
Sex
Male	38 (40.86)
Female	55 (59.14)
Gallstones
Yes	42 (45.16)
No	51 (54.84)
Hematologic parameters
Red blood cell (1012/L)	4.15 ± 1.82
White blood cell (109/L)	7.60 ± 3.27
Hemoglobin (g/L)	122.62 ± 16.83
Neutrophils (%)	41.04 ± 12.91
Lymphocytes (%)	18.99 ± 10.91
Liver function test
ALT (U/L)	43.71 ± 35.03
AST (U/L)	43.13 ± 40.61
ALP (U/L)	89.15 ± 74.44
ALP (U/L)	71.99 ± 82.92
GGT (U/L)	35.94 ± 6.19
Albumin (g/L)	43.71 ± 35.03
Bilirubin Level
TB (umol/L)	33.84 ± 56.43
DB (umol/L)	6.01 ± 3.62
CA19-9 marker
Positive	41 (44.09)
Negative	52 (55.91)
Adjuvant therapy
Yes	44 (47.31)
No	49 (52.69)

ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase; TB: Total Bilirubin; DB: Direct Bilirubin; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

Table 2 Histopathological details of gallbladder patients (n = 93), n (%)

Patient characteristic	n = 93
pT stage
T1-T2	29 (31.18)
T3-T4	64 (68.82)
Lymph node metastasis
N0	54 (58.06)
N1	34 (36.56)
N2	5 (5.38)
Pathological staging (AJCC 8th)
I-II	25 (26.88)
III-IV	68 (73.12)
Degree of tissue differentiation
Well differentiated	25 (26.88)
Moderately differentiated	23 (24.73)
Poorly differentiated	45 (48.39)
Surgical margin
Positive	10 (10.75)
Negative	83 (89.25)
Liver invasion
Positive	43 (46.24)
Negative	50 (53.76)
Extrahepatic bile duct invasion
Positive	36 (38.71)
Negative	57 (61.29)
PNI
Positive	29 (31.18)
Negative	64 (68.82)
LVI
Positive	33 (35.48)
Negative	60 (64.52)

AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; PNI: Perineural invasion.

Table 3 Univariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients undergoing radical surgery for gallbladder cancer, n (%)

Factor	Frequency/percentage	HR (95%CI)	P value
Sex
Male	38 (40.9)	-
Female	55 (59.1)	0.75 (0.45-1.23)	P = 0.248
Age
< 57	25 (26.9)	-
≥ 57	68 (73.1)	1.51 (0.84-2.70)	P = 0.165
CA19-9
Negative	52 (55.9)	-
Positive	41 (44.1)	5.05 (2.97-8.60)	P < 0.001
T stage
T1-T2	29 (31.2)	-
T3-T4	64 (68.8)	7.62 (3.44-16.87)	P < 0.001
Lymph node metastasis
N0	54 (58.1)	-
N1	34 (36.6)	4.18 (2.44-7.15)	P < 0.001
N2	5 (5.4)	4.69 (1.79-12.26)	P = 0.002
Differentiation degree
Well-differentiated	25 (26.9)	-
Moderately differentiated	23 (24.7)	10.28 (3.50-30.21)	P < 0.001
Poorly differentiated	45 (48.4)	11.38 (4.03-32.11)	P < 0.001
Surgical margin
Negative	83 (89.2)	-
Positive	10 (10.8)	3.10 (1.54-6.22)	P = 0.002
Liver invasion
Absent	50 (53.8)	-
Present	43 (46.2)	6.91 (3.99-11.97)	P < 0.001

HR: Hazard ratio; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

Table 4 Multivariate cox regression analysis

Variable	HR	95%CI	P value
Lymph node metastasis
N1	1.12	0.39-3.22	P = 0.835
N2	1.93	1.07-3.48	P = 0.030
Degree of differentiation
Moderately differentiated	4.08	1.32-12.64	P = 0.015
Poorly differentiated	4.33	1.35-13.89	P = 0.014
Surgical margin
Positive	0.39	0.20-0.74	P = 0.004
Liver invasion
Present	1.97	0.96-4.03	P = 0.063
Extrahepatic bile duct invasion
Present	2.39	1.20-4.77	P = 0.014
Perineural invasion
Present	1.83	1.04-3.22	P = 0.036

HR: Hazard ratio.