Preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma using ultrasound features including elasticity

Table 1 Comparisons of conventional ultrasound results between microvascular invasion-negative and microvascular invasion-positive hepatocellular carcinomas, n (%)

MVI	Tumor maximal diameter in mm	Echogenecity		Boundary		Surrounding liver tissue			Color Doppler flow
		Hypo-	Hyper-	Clear	Unclear	Liver cirrhosis	Fatty liver	Normal	None	Mild	Rich
MVI negative, n = 86	35.45 (24.00-49.28)	55 (29.3)	31 (16.5)	55 (29.3)	31 (16.5)	38 (20.2)	17 (9.0)	31 (16.5)	34 (18.1)	12 (6.4)	40 (21.3)
MVI positive, n = 102	46.95 (32.75-71.03)	63 (33.5)	39 (20.7)	58 (30.9)	44 (23.4)	52 (27.7)	7 (3.7)	43 (22.9)	20 (10.6)	20 (10.6)	62 (33.0)
Z/χ2	3.841	0.096		0.978		7.255			9.079
P value	0.000	0.757		0.323		0.027			0.011

MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 2 Comparisons of conventional ultrasound results between mild microvascular invasion and severe microvascular invasion hepatocellular carcinomas

MVI	Tumor maximal diameter in mm	Echogenecity		Boundary		Surrounding liver tissue			Color Doppler flow
		Hypo-	Hyper-	Clear	Unclear	Liver cirrhosis	Fatty liver	Normal	None	Mild	Rich
Mild MVI, n = 54	50.15 (33.80-65.90)	36 (35.3)	18 (17.6)	33 (32.4)	21 (20.6)	25 (24.5)	4 (3.9)	25 (24.5)	8 (7.8)	9 (8.8)	37 (36.3)
Severe MVI, n = 48	43.20 (30.83-73.68)	27 (26.5)	21 (20.6)	25 (24.5)	23 (22.5)	27 (26.5)	3 (2.9)	18 (17.6)	12 (11.8)	11 (10.8)	25 (24.5)
Z/χ2	0.496	1.168		0.844		1.063			2.980
P value	0.622	0.280		0.358		0.641			0.254

MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 3 Comparisons of shear wave elastography results between microvascular invasion-negative and microvascular invasion-positive hepatocellular carcinomas

MVI	Emax of the periphery of tumors in m/s	Emax of the tumors in m/s
MVI negative, n = 86	1.38 (1.18-1.65)	2.14 (1.71-2.49)
MVI positive, n = 102	1.50 (1.31-1.88)	2.29 (2.00-2.63)
Z	2.879	2.312
P value	0.004	0.021

Emax: Maximal elasticity; MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 4 Comparisons of shear wave elastography results between mild microvascular invasion and severe microvascular invasion hepatocellular carcinomas

MVI	Emax of the periphery of tumors in m/s	Emax of the tumors in m/s
Mild MVI, n = 54	1.42 (1.23-1.84)	2.24 (2.00-2.56)
Severe MVI, n = 48	1.67 (1.37-1.98)	2.37 (2.03-2.67)
Z	2.437	0.811
P value	0.014	0.420

Emax: Maximal elasticity; MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 5 Results of bivariate logistic regression of the features suggestive of positive microvascular invasion

Ultrasound features	β coefficient	Odd ratios	95% confidence interval	P value
Emax of the periphery of HCC	1.037 ± 0.467	2.820	1.128-7.049	0.027
Emax of HCC	0.114 ± 0.272	0.893	0.524-1.521	0.676
Maximal tumor diameter	0.021 ± 0.008	1.021	1.003-1.037	0.007
Surrounding liver tissue	0.329 ± 0.230	0.719	0.459-1.128	0.152
Color Doppler flow	0.324 ± 0.190	1.383	0.953-2.006	0.088

Emax: Maximal elasticity; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.