Application of indocyanine green in surgery: A review of current evidence and implementation in trauma patients

Table 1 Recent clinical trials for indocyanine green fluorescence use in trauma and surgery

Trial title	Subject/field	Status
ICG fluorescence imaging in trauma patients	Bone/soft tissue perfusion in fracture patients and surgical site infection	Completed
ICG fluorescence imaging in open fracture trauma patients	Open extremity fracture	Recruiting
ICG 24 h Prior to operative treatment of orthopedic infection	Bone trauma and soft tissue infection	Active, not recruiting
The role of indocyanine green angiography fluorescence on intestinal resections in pediatric surgery	Intestinal resection margins during elective and emergency pediatric surgeries	Completed
ICG fluorescence imaging in lower extremity amputation patients	Lower extremity amputation in and trauma	Recruiting
ICG fluorescence imaging in post-traumatic infection	Trauma injury	Recruiting
Feasibility and usability of intraoperative fluorescent angiography with indocyanine green in penetrating abdominal trauma	Abdominal trauma	Completed
Non-invasive measuring of cerebral perfusion after severe brain injury with near-infrared-spectroscopy and ICG	Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, TBI	Recruiting
Dynamic contrast-enhanced fluorescence arthroscopy of meniscus pilot	Knee injury	Recruiting
ICG 24 h prior to operative treatment of orthopedic infection	Trauma injury, infection	Active not recruiting
A study assessing circulation around surgical incisions at the time of laparotomy closure	Laparotomy	Completed
Application	Fractures, comminuted, surgical wound dehiscence, necrosis	Terminated has results
NIRST and ICG-based perfusion imaging in acute compartment syndrome	Compartment syndrome lower limb, forearm	Recruiting
ICG and SPY imaging for assessment of burn healing	Burns	Completed
NIR arthroscopic fluorescence angiography of menisci	Meniscus rupture	Not yet recruiting
Detection of cerebral ischemia with a non-invasive neurometabolic optical monitor	TBI, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage	Completed
A new multi-parameter neuromonitoring system to save patients’ lives in stroke and brain injury	Subarachnoid hemorrhage	Completed
Pilot study to assess the use of spy elite for assessment of amputation healing	Wound healing lower extremity amputation	Completed
Near-infrared fluorescence with indocyanine green for identification of sentinels and parathyroid during thyroidectomy	Thyroid cancer	Unknown
Near infrared fluorescence imaging with ICG	Lung cancer	Completed
A study of perfusion of colorectal anastomosis using FLAG-trial	Colorectal cancer	Completed
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging as a supportive tool for localization of deep infiltrating endometriosis during laparoscopy	Endometriosis	Completed
Prospective evaluation of near-infrared fluorescence imaging use as a supportive tool in deep infiltrating endometriosis surgery	Endometriosis	Completed
NIF-guided ramie using ICG vs OTE feasibility randomized controlled trial	Esophageal cancer	Recruiting
Falcon: A multicenter randomized controlled trial	Cholecystitis	Unknown status
Quantitative ICG fluorescence angiography in colorectal surgery	Colorectal cancer	Recruiting
Effect and long-term outcomes of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging method vs modified inflation-deflation method in identification of intersegmental plane	Lung cancer	Recruiting
Intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography in colorectal surgery to prevent anastomotic leakage	Colorectal cancer	Not yet recruiting
Synapse 3D with intravascular ICG	Lung cancer	Not yet recruiting
The role of ICG fluorescence imaging on anastomotic leak in robotic colorectal surgery	Colorectal diseases	Unknown status
ICG molecular fluorescence imaging technique using in diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer	Liver cancer	Recruiting

Adopted from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=indocyanine+green+fluorescence+clinical+trials&term=&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= & https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Indocyanine+Green+%28ICG%29+Fluorescence+in+trauma&term=&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= & https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04245111; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Trauma&term=ICG&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=. Accessed on 11 January 2023. ICG: Indocyanine green; NIR: Near-infrared; FLAG: Fluorescence angiography; TBI: Traumatic brain injury; NIRST: Near-infrared spectroscopic tomography; OTE: Open transthoracic esophagectomy.