Pain management in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation: A retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Variables	Training set			P value	Testing set
	Overall (n = 857)	Pain (n = 139)	No-pain (n = 718)		Overall (n = 368)
Age (%), yr
≤ 50	199 (23.2)	119 (85.6)	80 (11.1)	< 0.001	86 (23.4)
> 50	658 (76.8)	20 (14.4)	638 (88.9)		282 (76.6)
Gender (%)
Male	445 (51.9)	74 (53.2)	371 (51.7)	0.806	151 (41.0)
Female	412 (48.1)	65 (46.8)	347 (48.3)		217 (59.0)
BMI [median (IQR)], kg/m2	24.00 (21.10, 27.10)	23.70 (21.10, 27.45)	24.00 (21.02, 27.08)	0.658	24.00 (21.20, 26.70)
Pathogeny (%)
Hepatitis B	218 (25.4)	31 (22.3)	187 (26.0)	0.089	104 (28.3)
HCV	226 (26.4)	28 (20.1)	198 (27.6)		88 (23.9)
Alcoholic liver	214 (25.0)	39 (28.1)	175 (24.4)		95 (25.8)
Others	199 (23.2)	41 (29.5)	158 (22.0)		81 (22.0)
ECOG (%)
0	417 (48.7)	63 (45.3)	354 (49.3)	0.443	187 (50.8)
1	440 (51.3)	76 (54.7)	364 (50.7)		181 (49.2)
TACE (%)
Yes	445 (51.9)	70 (50.4)	375 (52.2)	0.756	169 (45.9)
No	412 (48.1)	69 (49.6)	343 (47.8)		199 (54.1)
HHS (%)
Yes	414 (48.3)	73 (52.5)	341 (47.5)	0.321	195 (53.0)
No	443 (51.7)	66 (47.5)	377 (52.5)		173 (47.0)
PrP (%)
Yes	204 (23.8)	130 (93.5)	74 (10.3)	< 0.001	91 (24.7)
No	653 (76.2)	9 (6.5)	644 (89.7)		277 (75.3)
MDT (%), cm
≤ 10	416 (48.5)	76 (54.7)	340 (47.4)	0.137	193 (52.4)
> 10	441 (51.5)	63 (45.3)	378 (52.6)		175 (47.6)
LOET (%)
Left	437 (51.0)	80 (57.6)	357 (49.7)	0.11	189 (51.4)
Right	420 (49.0)	59 (42.4)	361 (50.3)		179 (48.6)
NOET (%)
Single	683 (79.7)	21 (15.1)	662 (92.2)	< 0.001	280 (76.1)
Multiple	174 (20.3)	118 (84.9)	56 (7.8)		88 (23.9)
PVTT (%)
Yes	438 (51.1)	72 (51.8)	366 (51.0)	0.932	185 (50.3)
No	419 (48.9)	67 (48.2)	352 (49.0)		183 (49.7)
DFLS (%), cm
> 2	646 (75.4)	16 (11.5)	630 (87.7)	< 0.001	268 (72.8)
≤ 2	211 (24.6)	123 (88.5)	88 (12.3)		100 (27.2)
CTPG (%)
Grade A	442 (51.6)	75 (54.0)	367 (51.1)	0.602	176 (47.8)
Grade B	415 (48.4)	64 (46.0)	351 (48.9)		192 (52.2)
OpD (%), h
≤ 1	452 (52.7)	83 (59.7)	369 (51.4)	0.088	184 (50.0)
> 1	405 (47.3)	56 (40.3)	349 (48.6)		184 (50.0)
ES (%)
Yes	437 (51.0)	72 (51.8)	365 (50.8)	0.908	187 (50.8)
No	420 (49.0)	67 (48.2)	353 (49.2)		181 (49.2)
LOD (%), mL
≤ 10	630 (73.5)	21 (15.1)	609 (84.8)	< 0.001	260 (70.7)
> 10	227 (26.5)	118 (84.9)	109 (15.2)		108 (29.3)
Albumin [median (IQR)], g/L	36.12 (33.45, 38.63)	36.11 (33.50, 38.81)	36.12 (33.43, 38.57)	0.688	36.03 (33.42, 38.73)
PT [median (IQR)], s	12.70 (12.30, 13.20)	12.60 (12.30, 13.10)	12.70 (12.30, 13.20)	0.559	12.70 (12.30, 13.10)
PTA [median (IQR)], %	82.25 (77.12, 86.60)	90.20 (87.26, 93.18)	80.33 (76.45, 84.36)	< 0.001	82.29 (77.81, 86.83)
TBIL [median (IQR)], g/L	16.17 (12.95, 19.37)	16.20 (13.34, 19.27)	16.16 (12.88, 19.39)	0.972	16.12 (13.25, 19.23)
ALT [median (IQR)], U/L	33.00 (27.00, 40.00)	34.00 (24.50, 40.00)	33.00 (27.00, 40.75)	0.446	34.00 (26.00, 41.00)
AST [median (IQR)], U/L	42.00 (35.00, 48.00)	44.00 (35.00, 49.00)	41.00 (35.00, 48.00)	0.091	42.00 (34.00, 48.25)
PLT [median (IQR)], 109	136.00 (104.00, 163.00)	138.00 (104.00, 160.00)	135.50 (104.00, 164.00)	0.749	130.50 (100.00, 160.25)

IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; ECOG: Eastern cooperative oncology group; HHS: History of hepatobiliary surgery; PrP: Preoperative_pain; MTD: Maximum tumor diameter; LOET: Location of embolized tumor; NOET: Number of embolized tumors; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombus; DFLS: Distance from liver capsule; CTBG: Child-pugh grade; OpD: Operation_duration; ES: Embolization supplement; LOD: Iodine oil dosage; PT: Prothrombin time; PTA: Prothrombin activity; TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; PLT: Platelet count.

Table 2 The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for pain risk in each machine learning-based model

Model	Training set		Testing set
	AUC mean	AUC 95%CI	AUC mean	AUC 95%CI
RFM	0.869	0.816-0.922	0.871	0.818-0.924
DTM	0.861	0.808-0.914	0.864	0.811-0.917
ANNM	0.826	0.773-0.879	0.827	0.774-0.880
SVMM	0.803	0.750-0.856	0.808	0.755-0.861
NBM	0.798	0.745-0.851	0.803	0.750-0.856

RFM: Random forest model; SVMM: Support vector machine model; DTM: Decision tree model; ANNM: Artificial neural network model; NBM: Naive Bayesian model; AUC: Area under curve; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.