Prediction of the lymphatic, microvascular, and perineural invasion of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging

Table 1 Clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging features of patients with and without lymphatic, microvascular, and perineural invasion

Factors	Lymphatic, microvascular, and perineural invasion		P value
	LMPI (-) (n = 34)	LMPI (+) (n = 27)
LNM			0.001
Absent	31	14
Present	3	13
Grade			< 0.001
1	19	1
2	10	17
3	5	9
Gender			0.622
Male	16	11
Female	18	16
Age, year	52.59 ± 13.31	55.78 ± 11.26	0.324
BMI (kg/m2)	24.93 ± 3.63	24.36 ± 4.72	0.593
Symptom			0.264
Absent	14	15
Present	20	12
TB, μmol/L			0.738
< 21	29	22
≥ 21	5	5
ALT, IU/L			> 0.999
< 40	30	23
≥ 40	4	4
AST, IU/L			0.123
< 40	32	21
≥ 40	2	6
FBG, mmol/L			0.095
< 6.1	24	14
≥ 6.1	9	13
TLC, 109/L	1.77 ± 0.55	1.62 ± 0.53	0.286
TNC, 109/L	3.46 ± 1.46	3.91 ± 2.17	0.338
NLR	2.05 ± 0.87	2.56 ± 1.55	0.107
AFP, ng/mL
< 10.9	34	27
≥ 10.9	0	0
CEA, ng/mL			0.673
< 5	26	25
≥ 5	4	2
CA199, U/mL			0.238
< 37	28	22
≥ 37	2	5
CA724, U/mL			0.488
< 5.9	20	22
≥ 5.9	1	0
NSE, ng/mL			0.023
< 16.3	19	10
≥ 16.3	4	10
Tumor location			0.911
Head or neck	17	15
Body	10	7
Tail	7	5
SI on T2WI			0.697
Hypointense	1	2
Isointense	24	19
Hyperintense	9	6
Maximum diameter of the tumor	31.44 ± 16.53	45.03 ± 32.21	0.11
Tumor margin			< 0.001
Defined	27	8
Illdefined	7	19
Exophytic growth			0.666
Absent	17	12
Present	17	15
MPDD			0.041
Absent	30	18
Present	4	9
CBDD			0.037
Absent	33	21
Present	1	6
Hyperenhancement at the arterial phase			0.062
Present	22	11
Absent	12	16
Enhancement pattern			0.011
Homogeneous	27	13
Heterogeneous	7	14
Vascular and adjacent tissue involvement			0.048
Absent	31	19
Present	3	8
Synchronous liver metastases			0.003
Absent	31	16
Present	3	11
Long axis of the largest lymph node, mm	7.59 ± 6.41	11.63 ± 7.42	0.026
Short axis of the largest lymph node, mm	4.15 ± 3.29	7.26 ± 5.27	0.006
Ratio of the long/short axis of the largest lymph node	0.74 ± 0.90	1.37 ± 1.18	0.266
Shape of the largest lymph node			0.092
Normal	31	20
Abnormal	3	7
Number of lymph nodes with the short axis > 5 mm	0.74 ± 0.88	1.37 ± 1.18	0.026
Number of lymph nodes with the short axis > 10 mm	0.09 ± 0.38	0.52 ± 0.98	0.014
ADCmean, (× 10-3 mm2/s)	1444.97 ± 360.98	1552.26 ± 654.46	0.427
ADCmax, (× 10-3 mm2/s)	2338.36 ± 604.50	2813.16 ± 1610.93	0.124
ADCmin, (× 10-3 mm2/s)	562.43 ± 672.51	487.88 ± 647.09	0.699
Tumor volume, mm3	17788.45 ± 22520.13	47201.46 ± 85657.55	0.029

LNM: Lymph node metastasis; BMI: Body mass index; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; TLC: Total lymphocyte count; TNC: Total neutrophil count; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CA724: Carbohydrate antigen 724; NSE: Neuron-specific enolase; MPDD: Main pancreatic duct dilatation; CBDD: Common bile duct dilatation; ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; T2WI: T2-weighted imaging; LMPI: Lymphatic, microvascular, and perineural invasion; SI: Signal intensity.