Laparoscopic resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection for treating gastric ectopic pancreas

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients (mean ± SD)

Variables	N (%)
Age (yr)	43.31 ± 13.50
Sex
Male	26 (53.06)
Female	23 (46.94)
Symptom
Abdominal pain	20 (40.82)
Acid reflux/heartburn	8 (16.33)
Diarrhea	1 (2.04)
Abdominal distension	2 (4.08)
Asymptomatic	18 (36.73)
Treatment methods
ESD	43 (87.76)
LR	6 (12.24)
CEA (ng/mL)	2.17 ± 1.18
CA-19-9 (μ/mL)	13.00 ± 7.53

ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; LR: Laparoscopic resection; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CA-19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

Table 2 Endoscopic ultrasound features of gastric ectopic pancreas (mean ± SD)

Patients	N (%)
Size (cm)	1.55 ± 0.70
Origin hierarchy
Mucosal layer	1 (2.04)
Submucosa	42 (85.71)
Muscularis propria	6 (12.25)
Tumor location
Gastric body	7 (14.29)
Gastric angle	3 (6.12)
Gastric antrum	39 (79.59)
Echogenicity
Homogeneous	22 (44.90)
Heterogenous	27 (55.10)
Echogenicity
Hypoechoic	35 (71.43)
Hyperechoic	14 (28.57)
Margin
Indistinct	22 (44.90)
Distinct	27 (55.10)
Anechoic duct-like structure
Absent	20 (40.82)
Present	29 (59.18)
Umbilication/dimpling
Absent	20 (40.82)
Present	29 (59.18)

Table 3 Comparison of the endoscopic submucosal dissection group and laparoscopic surgery group in the treatment of gastric ectopic pancreas (mean ± SD)

Patients	ESD (%)	LR (%)	P value
Age (yr)	43.58 ± 13.77	41.33 ± 12.34	0.819
Size (cm)	1.33 ± 0.41	3.08 ± 2.23	< 0.001
Sex			0.688
Male	24 (55.8)	4 (66.7)
Female	19 (44.2)	2 (33.3)
Tumor location			0.795
Gastric body	6 (14.0)	1 (16.7)
Gastric horn	3 (7.0)	0 (0)
Gastric antrum	34 (79.1)	5 (83.3)
Origin hierarchy			0.01
Mucosal layer	1 (2.3)	0 (0)
Submucosa	39 (90.7)	3 (50.0)
Muscularis propria	3 (7.0)	3 (50.0)
Operative time (min)	72.42 ± 23.84	74.17 ± 12.81	0.491
Estimated blood loss (mL)	11.28 ± 16.87	16.67 ± 8.76	0.034
Recovery eating time (days)	1.63 ± 0.58	1.83 ± 0.75	0.501
Postoperative length of stay (days)	3.70 ± 0.91	3.83 ± 0.75	0.611
Clavien-Dindo ≥ I grade	0	0	-
Tumor recurrence	0	0	-
Hospitalization expenses	2854.00 ± 544.05	3378.33 ± 1133.62	0.180
Follow-up length (months)	29.79 ± 20.00	29.17 ± 16.28	1.00

ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; LR: Laparoscopic resection.