Postoperative complications after robotic resection of colorectal cancer: An analysis based on 5-year experience at a large-scale center

Table 1 Baseline clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical outcomes

Variables	Total (n = 1040)
Patient demographics
Age (yr)	60.4 ± 12.4
Sex (male/female)	611/429
BMI (kg/m2)	22.5 ± 3.2
With previous abdominal surgery, no. (%)	133 (12.8)
Smoking and drinking history, no. (%)	426 (41.0)
Comorbidity, no. (no/one or more)	239 (23.0%)
Operative parameters
ASA class, no. (I/II/III)	593/518/129
Operation time (min)	173.6 ± 51.1
Evaluated blood loss (mL)	108.4 ± 87.3
Types of colorectal surgery, no. (right-/left-/transverse-/sigmoid-/LAR/abdominoperineal-/multiple-)	235/88/11/234/369/79/24
Types of robotic surgery, no. (totally robotic/robotic-assisted)	507/533
No. lymph nodes retrieved	17.8 ± 7.5
Multiple organ resection, no. (%)	36(3.5)
Operation number, no. (yr)
2015/5-2016/5	226 (21.7%)
2016/5-2017/5	226 (21.7%)
2017/5-2018/5	259 (24.9%)
2018/5-2019/5	280 (26.9%)
2019/5-2020/5	311 (29.9%)
Pathology results
Neoplasm longest diameter, cm	4.5 ± 2.3
Histological type, no. (well or moderately/poorly or undifferentiated)	947/93
pT stage, no. (T1/T2/T3/T4)	107/126/218/589
pN stage, no. (0/1/2)	659/252/129
pTNM stage, no. (I/II/III)	197/462/381
With lymph node metastasis, no. (%)	381 (36.6)
With lymphovascular invasion, no. (%)	423 (40.7)
With positive resection margin, no. (%)	8 (0.8)
In-hospital outcomes
Time to 1st bowel movement, h	25.4 ± 6.3
Time to 1st first flatus, h	58.6 ± 8.9
Time to 1st liquid diet, h	71.5 ± 9.3
Overall complications, no. (%)	127 (12.2)
Complications, no. (II/III/IV/V)	20/82/15/6/4
Severe complication, no. (C-D grade ≥ III, %)	25 (2.4)
Local complications, no. (%)	91 (8.8)
Systemic complication, no. (%)	36 (3.5)
Mortality, no. (%)	4 (0.4)
Postoperative hospital stay of all patients (d)	7.4 ± 2.3
Postoperative hospital stay of patients without complications (d)	6.5 ± 1.1
Postoperative hospital stay of patients with complications (d)	14.1 ± 5.2

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; right-, Right colon resection; left-: Left colon resection; transverse-: Transverse colectomy; sigmoid-: Sigmoid colectomy; LAR: Low anterior resection; abdominoperineal-: Abdominoperineal resection; multiple-: Multiple bowel resection; C-D grade: Clavien-Dindo grade; T: Primary tumor; N: Regional lymph nodes; M: Distant metastasis.

Table 2 Local and systemic complications clarified by Clavien-Dindo classification

Local complication	Total n (%)	Grade ≥ III	Systemic complication	Total n (%)	Grade ≥ III
Wound problem	14 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	Pulmonary	9 (0.9)	2 (0.2)
Anastomosis leakage	43 (4.1)	9 (0.9)	Hepatic	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Intra-abdominal infection and effusion	12 (1.2)	3 (0.3)	Cardiovascular	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)
Intra-abdominal bleeding	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)	Urinary	2 (0.2)	0 (0.0)
Anastomosis bleeding	3 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	Central nervous	2 (0.2)	2 (0.2)
Ileus/motility disorder	9 (0.9)	2 (0.2)	Hematologic	15 (1.4)	0 (0.0)
Infection of presacral space	4 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	Infection	6 (0.6)	5 (0.5)
Others	4 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	Endocrine	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)