Preoperative calculation of angles of vision and working area in laparoscopic surgery to treat a giant hiatal hernia

Table 1 Camera angles of vision 0º (δ = 0º and δ = 60º) (x = trocar-hiatus cm, D = hernia- hiatus diameter)

	D (cm)
X (cm)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
10	35.71	38.53	41.31	44.04	46.70	49.29	51.80	54.23	56.57
11	35.19	37.77	40.30	42.80	45.26	47.65	49.98	52.25	54.44
12	34.76	37.13	39.46	41.77	44.04	46.26	48.43	50.56	52.62
13	34.40	36.58	38.75	40.89	42.99	45.07	47.10	49.09	51.04
14	34.09	36.12	38.13	40.12	42.09	44.04	45.95	47.82	49.65
15	33.81	35.71	37.59	39.46	41.31	43.13	44.93	46.70	48.43
16	33.58	35.36	37.13	38.88	40.62	42.34	44.04	45.71	47.35
17	33.37	35.04	36.71	38.37	40.01	41.63	43.24	44.83	46.39
18	33.18	34.76	36.34	37.91	39.46	41.00	42.53	44.04	45.52
19	33.01	34.51	36.01	37.50	38.97	40.44	41.89	43.32	44.74
20	32.86	34.29	35.71	37.13	38.53	39.93	41.31	42.68	44.04
21	32.73	34.09	35.44	36.79	38.13	39.46	40.78	42.09	43.39
22	32.60	33.90	35.19	36.48	37.77	39.04	40.30	41.56	42.80
23	32.49	33.73	34.97	36.20	37.43	38.65	39.87	41.07	42.26
24	32.39	33.58	34.76	35.95	37.13	38.30	39.46	40.62	41.77
25	32.29	33.43	34.57	35.71	36.84	37.97	39.09	40.20	41.31

Table 2 Angles of vision with camera angle bevelled 30º (x = trocar-hiatus cm, D = hernia- hiatus diameter)

	D (cm)
X (cm)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
10	65.71	68.53	71.31	74.04	76.70	79.29	81.80	84.23	86.57
11	65.19	67.77	70.30	72.80	75.26	77.65	79.98	82.25	84.44
12	64.76	67.13	69.46	71.77	74.04	76.26	78.43	80.56	82.62
13	64.40	66.58	68.75	70.89	72.99	75.07	77.10	79.09	81.04
14	64.09	66.12	68.13	70.12	72.09	74.04	75.95	77.82	79.65
15	63.81	65.71	67.59	69.46	71.31	73.13	74.93	76.70	78.43
16	63.58	65.36	67.13	68.88	70.62	72.34	74.04	75.71	77.35
17	63.37	65.04	66.71	68.37	70.01	71.63	73.24	74.83	76.39
18	63.18	64.76	66.34	67.91	69.46	71.00	72.53	74.04	75.52
19	63.01	64.51	66.01	67.50	68.97	70.44	71.89	73.32	74.74
20	62.86	64.29	65.71	67.13	68.53	69.93	71.31	72.68	74.04
21	62.73	64.09	65.44	66.79	68.13	69.46	70.78	72.09	73.39
22	62.60	63.90	65.19	66.48	67.77	69.04	70.30	71.56	72.80
23	62.49	63.73	64.97	66.20	67.43	68.65	69.87	71.07	72.26
24	62.39	63.58	64.76	65.95	67.13	68.30	69.46	70.62	71.77
25	62.29	63.43	64.57	65.71	66.84	67.97	69.09	70.20	71.31

Table 3 Working angles with laparoscopic instruments

	D (cm)
X (cm)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
10	5.71	8.53	11.31	14.04	16.70	19.29	21.80	24.23	26.57
11	5.19	7.77	10.30	12.80	15.26	17.65	19.98	22.25	24.44
12	4.76	7.13	9.46	11.77	14.04	16.26	18.43	20.56	22.62
13	4.40	6.58	8.75	10.89	12.99	15.07	17.10	19.09	21.04
14	4.09	6.12	8.13	10.12	12.09	14.04	15.95	17.82	19.65
15	3.81	5.71	7.59	9.46	11.31	13.13	14.93	16.70	18.43
16	3.58	5.36	7.13	8.88	10.62	12.34	14.04	15.71	17.35
17	3.37	5.04	6.71	8.37	10.01	11.63	13.24	14.83	16.39
18	3.18	4.76	6.34	7.91	9.46	11.00	12.53	14.04	15.52
19	3.01	4.51	6.01	7.50	8.97	10.44	11.89	13.32	14.74
20	2.86	4.29	5.71	7.13	8.53	9.93	11.31	12.68	14.04
21	2.73	4.09	5.44	6.79	8.13	9.46	10.78	12.09	13.39
22	2.60	3.90	5.19	6.48	7.77	9.04	10.30	11.56	12.80
23	2.49	3.73	4.97	6.20	7.43	8.65	9.87	11.07	12.26
24	2.39	3.58	4.76	5.95	7.13	8.30	9.46	10.62	11.77
25	2.29	3.43	4.57	5.71	6.84	7.97	9.09	10.20	11.31

Table 4 Operative angles with standard trocars located 6 cm right or left from the midline

	D (cm)
X (cm)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
10	34.99	36.87	38.66	40.36	41.99	43.53	45.00	46.40	47.73
11	32.47	34.29	36.03	37.69	39.29	40.82	42.27	43.67	45.00
12	30.26	32.01	33.69	35.31	36.87	38.37	39.81	41.19	42.51
13	28.30	29.98	31.61	33.18	34.70	36.16	37.57	38.93	40.24
14	26.57	28.18	29.74	31.26	32.74	34.16	35.54	36.87	38.16
15	25.02	26.57	28.07	29.54	30.96	32.35	33.69	34.99	36.25
16	23.63	25.11	26.57	27.98	29.36	30.70	32.01	33.27	34.51
17	22.38	23.81	25.20	26.57	27.90	29.20	30.47	31.70	32.91
18	21.25	22.62	23.96	25.28	26.57	27.82	29.05	30.26	31.43
19	20.22	21.54	22.83	24.10	25.35	26.57	27.76	28.93	30.07
20	19.29	20.56	21.80	23.03	24.23	25.41	26.57	27.70	28.81
21	18.43	19.65	20.85	22.04	23.20	24.34	25.46	26.57	27.65
22	17.65	18.82	19.98	21.12	22.25	23.36	24.44	25.51	26.57
23	16.93	18.06	19.18	20.28	21.37	22.44	23.50	24.54	25.56
24	16.26	17.35	18.43	19.50	20.56	21.60	22.62	23.63	24.62
25	15.64	16.70	17.74	18.78	19.80	20.81	21.80	22.78	23.75

Table 5 Angles of vision with the camera at 0º located 6 cm right or left from the midline

	D (cm)
X (cm)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
10	64.99	66.87	68.66	70.36	71.99	73.53	75.00	76.40	77.73
11	62.47	64.29	66.03	67.69	69.29	70.82	72.27	73.67	75.00
12	60.26	62.01	63.69	65.31	66.87	68.37	69.81	71.19	72.51
13	58.30	59.98	61.61	63.18	64.70	66.16	67.57	68.93	70.24
14	56.57	58.18	59.74	61.26	62.74	64.16	65.54	66.87	68.16
15	55.02	56.57	58.07	59.54	60.96	62.35	63.69	64.99	66.25
16	53.63	55.11	56.57	57.98	59.36	60.70	62.01	63.27	64.51
17	52.38	53.81	55.20	56.57	57.90	59.20	60.47	61.70	62.91
18	51.25	52.62	53.96	55.28	56.57	57.82	59.05	60.26	61.43
19	50.22	51.54	52.83	54.10	55.35	56.57	57.76	58.93	60.07
20	49.29	50.56	51.80	53.03	54.23	55.41	56.57	57.70	58.81
21	48.43	49.65	50.85	52.04	53.20	54.34	55.46	56.57	57.65
22	47.65	48.82	49.98	51.12	52.25	53.36	54.44	55.51	56.57
23	46.93	48.06	49.18	50.28	51.37	52.44	53.50	54.54	55.56
24	46.26	47.35	48.43	49.50	50.56	51.60	52.62	53.63	54.62
25	45.64	46.70	47.74	48.78	49.80	50.81	51.80	52.78	53.75

Table 6 Angles of vision with the camera at 30º located 6 cm right or left from the midline

	D (cm)
X (cm)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
10	94.99	96.87	98.66	100.36	101.99	103.53	105.00	106.40	107.73
11	92.47	94.29	96.03	97.69	99.29	100.82	102.27	103.67	105.00
12	90.26	92.01	93.69	95.31	96.87	98.37	99.81	101.19	102.51
13	88.30	89.98	91.61	93.18	94.70	96.16	97.57	98.93	100.24
14	86.57	88.18	89.74	91.26	92.74	94.16	95.54	96.87	98.16
15	85.02	86.57	88.07	89.54	90.96	92.35	93.69	94.99	96.25
16	83.63	85.11	86.57	87.98	89.36	90.70	92.01	93.27	94.51
17	82.38	83.81	85.20	86.57	87.90	89.20	90.47	91.70	92.91
18	81.25	82.62	83.96	85.28	86.57	87.82	89.05	90.26	91.43
19	80.22	81.54	82.83	84.10	85.35	86.57	87.76	88.93	90.07
20	79.29	80.56	81.80	83.03	84.23	85.41	86.57	87.70	88.81
21	78.43	79.65	80.85	82.04	83.20	84.34	85.46	86.57	87.65
22	77.65	78.82	79.98	81.12	82.25	83.36	84.44	85.51	86.57
23	76.93	78.06	79.18	80.28	81.37	82.44	83.50	84.54	85.56
24	76.26	77.35	78.43	79.50	80.56	81.60	82.62	83.63	84.62
25	75.64	76.70	77.74	78.78	79.80	80.81	81.80	82.78	83.75