Fluorescence cholangiography enhances surgical residents’ biliary delineation skill for laparoscopic cholecystectomies

Table 1 Overall answers of staff and residents during with-fluorescence cholangiography and without-fluorescence cholangiography phases

	Without FC				With FC
	n = 360	Staff	Residents	P value	n = 480	Staff	Residents	P value
False	65 (18.0)	16 (11.8)	49 (21.7)	0.018	112 (23.3)	42 (23.3)	70 (23.3)	0.999
True	295 (81.9)	119 (88.1)	176 (78.2)		368 (76.6)	138 (76.6)	230 (76.6)
Total	360 (100)	135 (100)	225 (100)		480 (100)	180 (100)	300 (100)

FC: Fluorescence cholangiography.

Table 2 Subgroup analysis of the effect of fluorescence cholangiography on overall answers from the resident group

Identified	n (%)	Resident group, n = 525
		Without-FC	With-FC	P value
False	119 (22.67)	49 (21.78)	70 (23.33)	0.674
True	406 (77.33)	176 (78.22)	230 (76.67)
Total	525 (100)	225 (100)	300 (100)

FC: Fluorescence cholangiography.

Table 3 Effect of fluorescence cholangiography on match-paired and non-match-paired structures

Identified	Match-paired			Non-match-paired
	Without FC	With FC	P value	Without FC	With FC	P value
False	60 (17.86)	35 (10.42)	< 0.01	65 (18.06)	112 (23.33)	0.063
True	276 (82.14)	301 (89.58)		295 (81.94)	368 (76.67)
Total	336 (100)	336 (100)		360 (100)	480 (100)

FC: Fluorescence cholangiography.

Table 4 Accuracy of match-pairing analysis, comparing between with- and without-fluorescence cholangiography phases in each participant group

Identified	Staff, n = 126			Resident, n (%) n = 210
	Without FC	With FC	P value	Without FC	With FC	P value
False	14 (11.11)	12 (9.52)	< 0.01	46 (21.90)	23 (10.95)	< 0.01
True	112 (88.89)	114 (90.48)		164 (78.10)	187 (89.05)
Total	126 (100)	126 (100)		210 (100)	210 (100)

FC: Fluorescence cholangiography.

Table 5 Subgroup analysis of the resident group, before and after dissection of Calot’s triangle

	Resident group
Identified	Before dissection (n = 45)			After dissection (n = 165)
	Without FC	With FC	P value	Without FC	With FC	P value
False	25 (55.56)	10 (22.22)	< 0.001	21 (12.73)	13 (7.88)	0.045
True	20 (44.44)	35 (77.78)		144 (87.27)	152 (92.12)
Total	45 (100)	45 (100)		165 (100)	165 (100)

FC: Fluorescence cholangiography.

Table 6 Accuracy of match-pairing analysis, comparing between staff and residents, in with-fluorescence cholangiography and without-fluorescence cholangiography phases

Identified	Without FC, n (%), n = 336			With FC, n (%), n = 336
	Staff	Residents	P value	Staff	Residents	P value
False	14 (11.11)	46 (21.90)	0.012	12 (9.52)	23 (10.95)	0.678
True	112 (88.89)	164 (78.10)		114 (90.48)	187 (89.05)
Total	126 (100)	210 (100)		126 (100)	210 (100)

FC: Fluorescence cholangiography.