Meta-Analysis Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2024; 16(2): 585-595
Published online Feb 27, 2024. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i2.585
Poor oral health was associated with higher risk of gastric cancer: Evidence from 1431677 participants
Fei Liu, Zi-Wei Li, Xu-Rui Liu, Quan Lv, Wei Zhang, Dong Peng, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
Shi-Jun Tang, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550000, Guizhou Province, China
ORCID number: Fei Liu (0000-0002-4022-0732); Shi-Jun Tang (0000-0003-0136-3658); Zi-Wei Li (0000-0001-9759-4535); Xu-Rui Liu (0000-0002-6069-2104); Quan Lv (0009-0005-8861-0181); Wei Zhang (0000-0002-5822-9970); Dong Peng (0000-0003-4050-4337).
Co-first authors: Fei Liu and Shi-Jun Tang.
Author contributions: Liu F and Tang SJ contributed equally to this work. All authors contributed to data collection and analysis, drafting, or revising the manuscript, have agreed on the journal to which the manuscript will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Dong Peng, FAASLD, Academic Editor, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuanjiagang, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China. carry_dong@126.com
Received: November 2, 2023
Peer-review started: November 2, 2023
First decision: November 30, 2023
Revised: December 26, 2023
Accepted: January 29, 2024
Article in press: January 29, 2024
Published online: February 27, 2024
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Abstract
BACKGROUND

In recent years, the association between oral health and the risk of gastric cancer (GC) has gradually attracted increased interest. However, in terms of GC incidence, the association between oral health and GC incidence remains controversial. Periodontitis is reported to increase the risk of GC. However, some studies have shown that periodontitis has no effect on the risk of GC. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess whether there is a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.

AIM

To assess whether there was a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.

METHODS

Five databases were searched to find eligible studies from inception to April 10, 2023. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score was used to assess the quality of included studies. The quality of cohort studies and case-control studies were evaluated separately in this study. Incidence of GC were described by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Funnel plot was used to represent the publication bias of included studies. We performed the data analysis by StataSE 16.

RESULTS

A total of 1431677 patients from twelve included studies were enrolled for data analysis in this study. According to our analysis, we found that the poor oral health was associated with higher risk of GC (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02-1.29; I2 = 59.47%, P = 0.00 < 0.01). Moreover, after subgroup analysis, the outcomes showed that whether tooth loss (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 0.94-1.29; I2 = 6.01%, P > 0.01), gingivitis (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.71-1.67; I2 = 0.00%, P > 0.01), dentures (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.63-1.19; I2 = 68.79%, P > 0.01), or tooth brushing (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.78-1.71; I2 = 88.87%, P > 0.01) had no influence on the risk of GC. However, patients with periodontitis (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.04-1.23; I2 = 0.00%, P < 0.01) had a higher risk of GC.

CONCLUSION

Patients with poor oral health, especially periodontitis, had a higher risk of GC. Patients should be concerned about their oral health. Improving oral health might reduce the risk of GC.

Key Words: Oral health; Tooth loss; Periodontitis; Gastric cancer; Risk factor

Core Tip: The aim of this current study was to assess whether there was a relationship between oral health and the risk of gastric cancer (GC). A total of 1431677 patients from twelve included studies were enrolled for data analysis in this study. This article summarised all the papers over the years on the relationship between oral health and the incidence of GC. After analysing them, the existing controversies were resolved to some extent. It was useful to guide clinical work.
INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumours worldwide and the forth leading cause of cancer death[1-3]. The incidence and mortality of GC continue to increase, and there are approximately 1 million new cases worldwide each year[3-5]. In China, more than 400000 new cases are diagnosed each year, accounting for 50% of new cases worldwide[6-8]. Prevention of GC has become a focal point because of these worrisome numbers. Prevention of GC can be divided into primary prevention (reducing the incidence of GC) and secondary prevention (early detection and treatment). Primary prevention includes smoking cessation, reducing salt intake, increasing fruit and vegetable intake, and other health behaviours, such as oral health behaviours[9].

The oral cavity is the conduit between the external environment and the gastrointestinal tract and is involved in the intake and digestion of food. Oral hygiene plays an important role in human health. Measures of oral health included tooth loss, periodontitis, gingivitis, dentures, and tooth brushing. Poor oral health has been shown to be a risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, oral cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and pancreatic cancer[10-18].

In recent years, the association between oral health and the risk of GC has gradually attracted increased interest. However, in terms of GC incidence, the association between oral health and GC incidence remains controversial. Periodontitis is reported to increase the risk of GC[19]. However, some studies have shown that periodontitis has no effect on the risk of GC[20,21]. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess whether there is a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Methods

Our study was produced in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement[22].

Search strategy

The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Ovid databases were searched from inception to April 10, 2023. The two keywords used were oral health and GC. For oral health, the search strategy was as follows: “dental” OR “oral” OR “oral health” OR “oral hygiene behaviour” OR “oral hygiene” OR “oral behaviour” OR “tooth loss” OR “tooth missing” OR “dental caries” OR “full teeth” OR “salivary flow” OR “probing depth” OR “periodontal disease” OR “periodontitis” OR “gingivitis” OR “dentures” OR “tooth brushing”. In terms of GC, “gastric cancer” OR “gastric carcinoma” OR “gastric neoplasms” OR “stomach cancer” OR “stomach carcinoma” OR “stomach neoplasms” were searched. Then, we used “AND” to combine the two keywords. The language was limited to English.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to find eligible studies. The inclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (1) Patients were reported to have oral health problems; and (2) The incidence of GC was reported. The exclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (1) Had case reports, comments, letters to the editor, or conference abstracts; (2) Had data repeated or overlapped; and (3) Incomplete information.

Study selection

The database search was independently conducted by two authors. The steps for screening eligible studies were as follows: (1) Excluded duplicate studies; (2) Scanned the titles and abstracts; and (3) Read the full text, including the reference. All disagreements were settled by group discussion.

Data collection

The baseline characteristics of the individuals included in the studies and the incidence of GC were collected for data analysis in the present study. The baseline information of the enrolled studies included author, publication year, publication country, study period, sample size, study type, follow-up period, diagnosis of GC, definition of oral health, and Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) score.

Quality assessment

The quality of the included studies was evaluated by the NOS score[23]. According to the NOS score, we divided studies into high quality (9 points), median quality (7-8 points), and low quality (< 7 points) groups. We evaluated the quality of the cohort studies and case-control studies separately in this study.

Statistical analysis

We defaulted the risk ratio (RR) and hazard ratio (HR) of GC reported in the included studies to be equivalent to the odds ratio (OR)[24]. The incidence of GC was described by the OR and 95% confidence interval (CI). I2 values and χ2 tests were used to assess the statistical heterogeneity[25,26]. The random effects DerSimonian-Laird model was used only. When a random effects model was used, P < 0.01 was considered to indicate statistical significance. StataSE 16 was used for the data analysis.

RESULTS
Study selection

A total of 13279 studies were identified from five databases (2652 in PubMed, 3982 in EMBASE, 1262 in the Cochrane Library, 2416 in MEDLINE, 2967 in Ovid, and two from the citation searching) from inception to April 10, 2023. After duplicate removal, 5509 records remained. Three thousand forty-one unqualified studies were excluded according to the exclusion criteria. After excluding unqualified studies, 2168 studies were needed for eligibility, and six records were not retrieved. Finally, twelve eligible studies were included in this study[8,19-21,27-34] (Figure 1).

Figure 1
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Figure 1 Flowchart of study selection.
Baseline characteristics of the included studies

Twelve studies involving 1431677 patients were included in this study. The publication years ranged from 1998 to 2022. The published countries were mainly in China, Japan, United States, and Iran. The study period ranged from 1973 to 2011. There were nine cohort studies and three case-control studies. There were nine studies reporting tooth loss, three studies reporting periodontitis, two studies reporting gingivitis, three studies reporting dentures, and five studies reporting tooth brushing. More details of the included studies’ baseline characteristics, including the author, the number of patients, the follow-up period, the diagnosis of GC, and the NOS score, are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included studies.
Ref.
Country
Study date
Patients
Study type
Follow-up
Diagnosis of gastric cancer
Definition of oral health
NOS
Watabe et al[32], 1998JapanOctober 1996 to September 1997242Retrospective cohort studyNAGastric cancerBrush teeth, decayed teeth, gingivitis, bad occlusion, dentures (partial and full), and lack of teeth ≥ 106
Abnet et al[27], 2001ChinaMarch 1986 to May 199128868Prospective cohort study5.25 yrGastric cardia tumor and non-cardia tumorTooth loss8
Hujoel et al[20], 2003United States1971 to 199211328Prospective cohort studyUntil 1992Gastric cancer (ICD-9 151.0-151.9)Periodontitis, gingivitis, and edentulism7
Abnet et al[28], 2005Finland1985 to 199929124Prospective cohort studyApril 1993 to April 1999Gastric non-cardia adenocarcinomaTooth loss included 0-10 teeth lost, 11-31 teeth lost, and edentulous8
Michaud et al[29], 2008United States1986 to January 200449375Prospective cohort studyMedian of 17.7 yrGastric cancerPeriodontal disease and tooth loss9
Hiraki et al[19], 2008Japan2000 to 200515720Case-control studyNAGastric cancer (ICD-10 C16)Remaining teeth7
Shakeri et al[31], 2013IranJanuary 2004 to June 2008922Case-control studyDecember 2004 to December 2011Gastric adenocarcinoma included non-cardia, cardia, and mixed-locationsTooth loss, decayed, missing, filled teeth score, and frequency of tooth brushing6
Ndegwa et al[30], 2018Sweden1973 to 197419831Prospective cohort study569233 person-yearsGastric cancer was divided into cardia (ICD 151.1) and non-cardia gastric cancer (all ICD-7 151 codes except ICD 151.1)Number of teeth, dental plaque status, and presence of any oral mucosal lesions7
Yano et al[33], 2021IranJanuary 2004 to June 200850045Prospective cohort studyUntil December 31, 2019Gastric cancer cases were limited to adenocarcinomas (cardia and non-cardia)Frequency of tooth brushing, tooth loss, and the sum of decayed, missing, or filled teeth9
Zhang et al[8], 2022ChinaOctober 2010 to September 20132873Case-controlNAGastric cancer was divided into esophagogastric junction cancer and total gastric cancerTooth loss after 20 yr, number of tooth loss after age 20 yr, age of first tooth loss after age 20 yr, denture wearing, number of filled teeth, missing and filled teeth, frequency of toothbrushing, frequency of oral discomfort while eating, avoidance of some foods because of oral problems6
Zhang et al[34], 2022China2004 to 2008510148Prospective cohort studyMedian of 9.17 yr and range of 0.1 to 11.5 yrGastric cancer (ICD-10 C16)Gum bleeding and rarely or never brush teeth9
Kim et al[21], 2022South KoreaJanuary 2003 to December 2015713201Retrospective cohort studyUp to 10 yrGastric cancer (ICD-10 C16)Periodontitis (who visited a dental clinic two or more than two times within one year and were diagnosed with periodontitis under those ICD-10 codes (K05.2, K05.3, K05.4, K05.5, and K05.6)9
ICD: International Classification of Diseases; NA: Not available; NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

Tables 2 and 3 show the results of the quality assessment by the NOS score for cohort studies and case-control studies, respectively. For cohort studies, three studies were graded as high quality (nine points), five studies were graded as median quality (seven to eight points), and one study was graded as low quality (six points). For case-control studies, one study was graded as high quality (nine points), and two studies were graded as low quality (six points). The details of the quality assessment are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 Results of quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.
Ref.
Selection
Comparability
Outcome
Scores
Representativeness of exposure
Selection of the non-exposure
Ascertainment of exposure
Demonstration that outcome was not present at start
Cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis
Assessment
Long follow-up for outcomes to occur
Adequacy of follow-up
Abnet et al[28], 2005★★★★★★☆★★8
Abnet et al[27], 2001☆★★★★★★★★8
Hiraki et al[19], 2008★★★★★★★☆☆7
Hujoel et al[20], 2003★★★★★★★☆☆7
Kim et al[21], 2022★★★★★★★★★9
Michaud et al[29], 2008★★★★★★★★★9
Ndegwa et al[30], 2018☆☆★★★★★★★7
Watabe et al[32], 1998☆★★★★★★☆☆6
Yano et al[33], 2021★★★★★★★★★9
Table 3 Results of quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control studies.
Ref.
Selection
Comparability
Exposure
Scores
Adequate definition of cases
Representativeness of the cases
Selection of controls
Definition of controls
Control for important factor1
Ascertainment of exposure
Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls
Non-response rate
Shakeri et al[31], 2013★☆☆★★★☆★★6
Zhang et al[8], 2022★☆☆★★★★★☆6
Zhang et al[34], 2022★★★★★★★★★9
1A maximum of 2 stars can be allotted in this category, one for age, the other for other controlled factors.
The association between oral health and risk of GC

Before the data analysis, we adjusted the RR or HR to the OR. The information on the participants’ adjustment is shown in Table 4. According to the data analysis, poor oral health could increase the risk of GC (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02-1.29; I2 = 59.47%, P = 0.00 < 0.01) (Figure 2).

Figure 2
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Figure 2 The association between oral health and risk of gastric cancer. CI: Confidence interval.
Table 4 The analyses were adjusted for the following variables.
Ref.
Variables of adjustment
Abnet et al[28], 2005Age and education
Abnet et al[27], 2001Age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol use
Hiraki et al[19], 2008Age, sex, smoking and drinking status (never, former, current), vegetable and fruit intake, BMI, and regular exercise
Hujoel et al[20], 2003Age and gender
Kim et al[21], 2022Age
Michaud et al[29], 2008Age (continuous), ethnic origin (white, Asian, black), physical activity (quintiles), history of diabetes (yes or no), alcohol (quartiles), BMI (< 22, 22-24.9, 25-29.9, 30 +), geographical location (south, west, northeast, mid-west), height (quintiles), calcium intake (quintiles), total calorific intake (quintiles), red-meat intake (quintiles), fruit and vegetable intake (quintiles), vitamin D score (deciles), smoking history (never, past quit ≤ 10 yr, past quit > 10 yr, current 1-14 cigarettes per day, 15-24 cigarettes per day, 25 + cigarettes per day), and pack-years (continuous)
Ndegwa et al[30], 2018Age as time-scale, age at entry, sex, area of residence (rural, small-town or urban), tobacco use status (non-tobacco use, smoking only, snus only or mixed usage), and alcohol consumption (less than once a week versus once a week or more)
Shakeri et al[31], 2013Age, ethnicity, education, fruit and vegetable use, socioeconomic status, ever opium or tobacco use, and denture use
Watabe et al[32], 1998NA
Yano et al[33], 2021Age, sex, socioeconomic score, ethnicity, residence, education, cigarette use, and opium use
Zhang et al[8], 2022Age (continuous), sex, education (illiteracy, primary school, junior school, high school and above), marital status (single, married, divorced or widowed), job type (farmer, worker, others), wealth score (five levels), BMI 10 years ago (< 18.5 kg/m2, 1.85 to 24.0 kg/m2, 24.0 to 28.0 kg/m2, ≥ 28.0 kg/m2), tobacco smoking (never, ≤ 30 pack-years, > 30 pack-years), alcohol drinking (never, ≤ 80 g/d, > 80 g/d), H. pylori seropositivity (yes/no), and family history of GC (yes/no)
Zhang et al[34], 2022Age (continuous), sex (male, female), BMI (continuous), study sites (10 sites), education level (no formal school, primary or middle school, high school and above), marital status (married, other), household income per year (< 10000, < 10000-19999, < 20000-34999, or < 35000), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, occasional drinker, former drinker, or regular drinker), smoking status (never smoker, occasional smoker, former smoker, or regular smoker), physical activity in MET hours a day (continuous), aspirin prescription for CVD (no, yes, or missing), menopausal status (pre-menopausal or post-menopausal, women only), personal history of diabetes (no, yes), and family history of cancer (no, yes)
BMI: Body mass index; MET: Metabolic equivalent tasks; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; NA: Not applicable; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; GC: Gastric cancer.
Subgroup analysis

We classified oral health into five subgroups and analysed their respective effects on the risk of GC. We found that patients with periodontitis (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.04-1.23; I2 = 0.00%, P < 0.01) had a greater risk of GC. However, tooth loss (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 0.94-1.29; I2 = 6.01%, P > 0.01), gingivitis (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.71-1.67; I2 = 0.00%, P > 0.01), dentures (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.63-1.19, I2 = 68.79%, P > 0.01), and tooth brushing (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.78-1.71, I2 = 88.87%, P > 0.01) had no effect on the risk of GC (Figure 3).

Figure 3
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Figure 3 Subgroups analysis. CI: Confidence interval.
Publication bias

According to the data analysis, the funnel plot was relatively symmetrical, indicating low publication bias (Figure 4).

Figure 4
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Figure 4 Funnel plot. CI: Confidence interval.
Sensitivity analysis

Each study was excluded each time the sensitivity was assessed. There were no significant differences in the results after each analysis was performed.

DISCUSSION

A total of 1431808 patients were enrolled from twelve studies in the present study. After the data analysis, the outcomes showed that poor oral health was associated with a greater risk of GC. We classified oral health into five subgroups: Tooth loss, periodontitis, gingivitis, dentures, and tooth brushing. After subgroup analysis, the outcomes showed that patients with periodontitis had a greater risk of GC. However, tooth loss, gingivitis, dentures, and tooth brushing had no effect on the risk of GC.

In recent years, a growing number of researchers have focused on the relationship between oral health and cancer[27,28,35,36]. Periodontitis, a common disease that affects oral health, is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria that carry the risk of supporting tissue breakdown and tooth loss[37]. Moreover, periodontitis was reported to be a predictive factor for GC[19]. With the increase in the number of GC patients in China[6], the association between oral health and the risk of GC needs more attention in the future.

However, previous studies on oral health and the incidence of GC have been controversial. Several studies reported that tooth loss was not a predictive factor for increased risk of GC[19,29,30,32]. In contrast, some studies have reported that tooth loss could increase the risk of GC[27,33]. Previous studies have shown that periodontitis increases the risk of GC[19]. However, Hujoel et al[20] and Michaud et al[29] showed that there was no association between periodontitis and the risk of GC. Therefore, it was necessary to explore the real association between oral health and the risk of GC.

In our study, we found that poor oral health, especially periodontitis, was associated with a greater risk of GC. However, the mechanism by which poor oral health increases the risk of GC is unclear. There are several hypotheses that might explain the association between oral health and the risk of GC. First, the oral cavity provides passage between the external environment and the gastrointestinal tract, which is involved in the intake and digestion of food. Oral hygiene might affect the gastrointestinal flora and nutritional status, therefore resulting in the development of chronic diseases[19]. Second, periodontal disease and poor oral hygiene could lead to tooth loss[38]. However, in our study, we found that there was no significant difference between tooth loss and the risk of GC. Tooth loss is often accompanied by chronic infection and inflammation, such as periodontitis[39]. Moreover, tooth loss leads to a decrease in the ability to chew and might alter the patient’s eating patterns[40-42]. These inflammatory conditions and changes in dietary habits associated with tooth loss might be the cause of the increased risk of GC. Third, patients with periodontal disease and poor oral hygiene had significantly greater levels of oral bacteria, while nitrosamine levels were significantly greater in the oral cavity due to the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria; moreover, it is widely known that nitrites are recognized carcinogens[43]. Tooth brushing could also affect oral health; however, we did not find an association between tooth brushing and GC. Shakeri et al[31] discussed the relationship between toothbrushing frequency and GC incidence in their study. They found that those who never brushed their teeth had significantly greater rates of GC, while those who brushed their teeth every day or less than daily had no significant change in their rates of GC. In our study, we explored the effect of toothbrushing on the incidence of GC only. This might have contributed to our results.

To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to pool the risk of GC in patients who had oral health problems. Our study had a large sample size, and subgroup analysis was conducted. Moreover, the publication bias of the included studies was low. Thus, the outcomes were relatively reliable. This study has several limitations. In our study, there were more cohort studies and fewer case-control studies. Second, because of insufficient data, we lacked information on the effect of different numbers of missing teeth on the incidence of GC. Therefore, further case-control studies need to be performed in the future.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, patients with poor oral health, especially those with periodontitis, had a higher risk of GC. Thus, patients should be concerned about their oral health. Improving oral health might reduce the risk of GC.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumours worldwide and the forth leading cause of cancer death. Prevention of GC has become a focal point because of these worrisome numbers. Prevention of GC can be divided into primary prevention (reducing the incidence of GC) and secondary prevention (early detection and treatment). Primary prevention includes smoking cessation, reducing salt intake, increasing fruit and vegetable intake, and other health behaviours, such as oral health behaviours.

Research motivation

The aim of present study is to assess whether there is a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC.

Research objectives

The research objective was to explore the relationship between oral health and GC risk.

Research methods

This study searched five databases to find eligible studies from inception to April 10, 2023. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score was used to assess the quality of included studies. The quality of cohort studies and case-control studies were evaluated separately in this study. Incidence of GC were described by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Funnel plot was used to represent the publication bias of included studies. We performed the data analysis by StataSE 16.

Research results

A total of 1431677 patients from twelve included studies were enrolled for data analysis in this study. According to our analysis, we found that poor oral health was associated with a high risk of GC (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02-1.29; I2 = 59.47%, P = 0.00 < 0.01), particularly periodontitis (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.04-1.23; I2 = 0.00%, P < 0.01). Moreover, after subgroup analysis, tooth loss (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 0.94-1.29; I2 = 6.01%, P > 0.01), gingivitis (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.71-1.67; I2 = 0.00%, P > 0.01), dentures (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.63-1.19; I2 = 68.79%, P > 0.01), or tooth brushing (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.78-1.71; I2 = 88.87%, P > 0.01) had no influence on the risk of GC.

Research conclusions

Oral health status associated with GC risk. People should focus on oral health as it might reduce the incidence of GC.

Research perspectives

This study was extended to a multi-center study.

Footnotes

Provenance and peer review: Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.

Peer-review model: Single blind

Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology

Country/Territory of origin: China

Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification

Grade A (Excellent): 0

Grade B (Very good): 0

Grade C (Good): C

Grade D (Fair): D

Grade E (Poor): 0

P-Reviewer: Arigami T, Japan; Corte-Real A, Portugal S-Editor: Wang JJ L-Editor: A P-Editor: ZhangYL

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