Posterior approach (Kraske procedure) for surgical treatment of presacral tumors

Figure 1 Boundaries of the retrorectal space.

Figure 2 Simple X-ray of the pelvis (A) shows the sacral bony defect (“scimitar sign”) and magnetic resonance imaging (B) established the diagnosis of presacral meningocele, and the presence of air inside suggested the a neuroenteric fistula.

Figure 3 Cystic hamartoma in a 44-year-old woman, computed tomography (A) and magnetic resonance imaging (B).

Figure 4 Double-contrast barium enema (A) showing a mass effect in the left wall of the rectum caused by a presacral cystic teratoma (computed tomography, B).

Figure 5 Surgical field (B and D) and specimens (filled with saline solution after complete removal to restore the original volume) (B and D) of patients 2 (A and B) and 3 (C and D).