Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: Educational challenge

Figure 1 A camera and LED lighting system provide visualization and the surgeon works through two trocars placed in fixed positions through an opaque cover on top of the box.

Figure 2 A novel method of measuring procedural competence using thermal imaging of the face.

Figure 3 Magnetic trackers demonstrate that it is possible to quantitatively track the motion of a surgeon’s hands and generate a ‘‘motion signature’’ which has a different pattern in experts vs novices.

Figure 4 Real laparoscopic instruments with a mechanical device called the Blue Dragon.

Figure 5 Motion capture camera technology.

Figure 6 Remote surgeon on control station and VisitOR1^TM in operating room environment.