Application of a three-dimensional-printed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulation operation model in surgical training and teaching

Figure 1 Construction of a three-dimensional-printed model based on computed tomography data. A: Computed tomography scan data of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography patients before surgery; B: Construction of the three-dimensional (3D) simulation model; C: Division of the model into the gastroduodenal, common bile duct, and duodenal connection sections; D: 3D-printed model after reconstruction; E and F: Design of the duodenal papilla connection section.

Figure 2 Simulation of the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography surgical process. Comparison of practical (top) and model operation (bottom). From left to right: Duodenal papilla identification; Guidewire insertion; Papillary incision; Stone basket insertion; Stone extraction.

Figure 3 Diagram of the teaching model. 3D: Three-dimensional.