Microbiota remodeling after bariatric surgery: Procedure-specific dynamics and metabolic implications

Figure 1 Conceptual framework of gut microbiota remodeling after bariatric surgery. The schematic illustrates proposed links between bariatric procedures, postoperative intestinal environmental changes, gut microbiota remodeling, and host metabolic outcomes. Solid arrows represent relationships supported by experimental or mechanistic evidence and are hypothesized to be causal, whereas dashed arrows indicate associations primarily derived from human observational studies, for which causality has not been firmly established. GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; PYY: Peptide YY.