Analgesic effect and safety of dexmedetomidine-assisted intravenous-inhalation combined general anesthesia in laparoscopic minimally invasive inguinal hernia surgery

Figure 1 Comparison of perioperative indicators between the two groups of patients. A: Operation time; B: Duration of anaesthesia; C: Duration of postoperative ureter removal; D: Duration of hospital stay. ^aP < 0.05 compared with control group.

Figure 2 Comparison of perioperative visual analog scale scores between the two groups. A: Preoperative visual analog scale (VAS) score; B: 12 hours postoperative VAS score; C: 18 hours postoperative VAS score; D: 24 hours postoperative VAS score. ^aP < 0.05 compared with control group. VAS: Visual analog scale.

Figure 3 Comparison of pre- and post-operative haemodynamic parameters between the two groups. A: Heart rate levels; B: Diastolic blood pressure levels; C: Systolic blood pressure levels. ^aP < 0.05 compared with control group before treatment; ^bP > 0.05 compared with treatment group after treatment; ^cP < 0.05 compared with control group after treatment. HR: Heart rate; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure.

Figure 4 Comparison of pre- and post-operative stress levels between the two groups. A: Cortisol levels; B: Epinephrine levels; C: Norepinephrine levels. ^aP < 0.05 compared with preoperative; ^bP < 0.05 compared with control group postoperatively.

Figure 5 Comparison of immune function between the two groups before and after treatment. A: CD3+ levels; B: CD4+ levels; C: CD8+ levels; D: CD4+/CD8+ levels. ^aP < 0.05 compared with preoperative; ^bP < 0.05 compared with control group postoperatively.