Efficacy of multi-color near-infrared fluorescence with indocyanine green: A new imaging strategy and its early experience in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Figure 1 Principles and visual representation of multi-color fluorescence imaging. The fluorescence intensity signal of bile ducts and the liver was represented by different colors among the blue-purple range. It was compared to the traditional laparoscopy images with single-color fluorescence.

Figure 2 Clinical scenes of multi-color gradient fluorescence imaging. A: Demonstrated the situation where the single color fluorescence imaging (SCFI) could not show the common bile duct; B: The situation where the SCFI could not show the common bile duct could be identified with the help of multi-color fluorescence imaging (MCFI); C: Showed the shape of the left and right hepatic ducts hidden in the liver tissue assisted by MCFI; D: Another setting showing the shape of the left and right hepatic ducts hidden in the liver tissue assisted by MCFI; E: Showed the structure of liver and the common bile duct in the situation of tissue adhesion and bleeding; F: MCFI would not be disturbed by the shades of surgical instruments and could show the structure of the common bile duct.