Preoperative calculation of angles of vision and working area in laparoscopic surgery to treat a giant hiatal hernia

Figure 1 Geometric model for laparoscopy camera field of vision, 0º.

Figure 2 Angle of vision for 0º and 30º camera and geometric model (30º).

Figure 3 Projections of the operating field cones of vision.

Figure 4 Geometric model of working area with laparoscopic operative instruments.

Figure 5 Model superimposed on image: Working area and field of vision with central trocar.

Figure 6 Working area with lateral displacement of the trocar.

Figure 7 Field of vision with lateral displacement of the trocar and camera at 30º.

Figure 8 Simulation of the working area with different entry trocars, in a laparoscopically accessible giant hiatal hernia.

Figure 9 Simulation of the working area with different entry trocars, in a giant hiatal hernia for which the laparoscopic approach is impractical (the arrow shows the area non-accessible to instruments).