Fluorescence cholangiography enhances surgical residents’ biliary delineation skill for laparoscopic cholecystectomies

Figure 1 Representative still images from video clips of five patients with different gallbladder diseases. A: The obese patient with gallbladder polyp; B: Biliary pancreatitis; C: Symptomatic gallstone; D: Acute cholecystitis; E: Gallbladder polyp in a non-obese patient.

Figure 2 Representative still images from video clips of each phase of procedure. A: Before dissection of Calot’s triangle without fluorescence cholangiography (FC); B: Before dissection of Calot’s triangle with FC; C: After dissection of Calot’s triangle without FC; D: After dissection of Calot’s triangle with FC.

Figure 3 Study protocol flow chart.

Figure 4 Representative still images from paired structures identified in both with-and without-fluorescence cholangiography phases from before dissection in the same patient. A: Before dissection of Calot’s triangle without fluorescence cholangiography; B: Before dissection of Calot’s triangle with fluorescence cholangiography. CD: Cystic duct; CBD: Common bile duct.