Low serum amylase and obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A novel interpretation

Table 1 Traditional and novel interpretations for low serum amylase

	Ref.
Traditional (minor contributions)
Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes)	[1,2,10-15]
Advanced chronic pancreatitis	[3-6]
Type 2 diabetes with insulin dependence	[14]
Cystic fibrosis	[18,19]
Novel (major contributions)
Obesity	[35-38]
Insulin resistance (high HOMA-R)	[44]
Metabolic Syndrome	[38,41,42]
Type 2 diabetes with insufficient insulin action	[38,42]
Diabetic ketoacidosis	[13,23]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	[40,43]
Smoking	[38,68-70]
Heavy alcohol drinking	[46,63]
Low CNVs of AMY1	[54,60,61]

HOMA-R: Homeostasis model of insulin resistance; CNV: Copy number variations; AMY1: Salivary amylase gene.