Fetal programming of polycystic ovary syndrome

Table 1 Genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome

The genes associated with PCOS	Genetic mutation (specific enzyme, protein or receptor)
Genes involved in ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis	CYP11A (P450 cytochrome)
	CYP21 (21-hydroxylase)
	CYP17 (17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase)
	CYP19 (the enzyme complex aromatase: cytochrome P450 aromatase, the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase 30, and P450 arom)
Genes involved in steroid hormone actions	AR-VNTR polymorphism (the androgen receptors)
	4-kb gene - A pentanucleotide repeat polymorphism (SHBG)
Genes involved in gonadotropin action and regulation	Trp8Arg and Ilg15Thr (the β-subunit of LH)
Genes involved in insulin action and secretion	INS -VNTR (insulin)
	INSR-SNP (insulin receptor)
	Gly972Arg for IRS1, Gly1057Asp for IRS2 (insulin receptor substrates)
	112/121 haplotype of CAPN10 (calpain-10)
	ApaI; rs680-SNP (IGF-1, IGF-2)
Genes involved in energy homeostasis	T45G in exon 2 and G276T in intron 2 (adipocytokines)
Genes involved in chronic inflammation	Mutation 308 A alleles (TNF-α)
	TNFR2, IL-6 signal transducer gp 130, IL-6 receptor genes (type-2 TNF receptor, IL-6)
	Polymorphism 4G/5G (PAI-1)

PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IRS: Insulin receptor substrates; INSR: Insulin receptor.