Evaluation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Colombian population: A longitudinal observational study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to gender

Variables	Total (n = 772)	Men (n = 228)	Women (n = 544)
1Age, yr	58.34 (12.07)	58.63 (12.67)	58.22 (11.82)
1BMI, kg/m2	27.36 (4.56)	27.08 (4.56)	27.47 (4.56)
1Waist circumference, cm	91.91 (10.47)	97.05 (10.88)	89.78 (9.52)2
1Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL	94.41 (12.60)	96.17 (13.94)	93.68 (11.94)2
1,4Oral glucose tolerance test, mg/dL	107.89 (32.82)	111.11 (36.55)	106.23 (30.75)
1,4HbA1c, %	6.49 (1.27)	6.39 (1.24)	6.56 (1.31)
Undiagnosed DM2, n(%)	20 (2.59)	6 (2.63)	14 (2.57)
Prediabetes, n(%)	186 (24.09)	61 (26.75)	125 (22.98)
FINDRISC score	11.84 (4.80)	11.00 (4.71)	12.18 (4.80)3

¹Data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables;

²Wilconcox Rank Sum test P < 0.05;

³Wilconcox Rank Sum test P < 0.005;

⁴Variable with missing values. BMI: Body mass index; DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; FINDRISC: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.

Table 2 Prevalence of components of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score according to gender n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 772)	Men (n = 228)	Women (n = 544)
Age (yr)
< 45	106 (13.73)	35 (15.35)	71 (13.05)
45-54	207 (26.81)	59 (25.88)	148 (27.21)
55-64	203 (26.30)	51 (22.37)	152 (27.94)
> 64	256 (33.16)	83 (36.40)	173 (31.80)
BMI (kg/m2)
< 25	250 (32.38)	75 (32.89)	175 (32.17)
25-30	331 (42.88)	105 (46.05)	226 (41.54)
> 30	191 (24.74)	48 (21.05)	143 (26.29)
WC (cm)
M: < 90; W: < 80	121 (15.67)	50 (21.93)	71 (13.05)2
M: 90-98; W: 80-88	272 (35.23)	84 (36.84)	188 (34.56)
M: > 98; W: > 88	379 (49.09)	94 (41.23)	285 (52.39)
PA (30 min/d)
Yes	362 (46.95)	112 (49.12)	250 (46.04)
No	409 (53.05)	116 (50.88)	293 (53.96)
Vegetables - fruits
Daily	433 (56.09)	112 (49.12)	321 (59.01)1
No daily	339 (43.91)	116 (50.88)	223 (40.99)
Hypertension
Without medication	442 (57.25)	136 (59.65)	306 (56.25)
With medication	330 (42.75)	92 (40.35)	238 (43.75)
Hyperglycemia antecedent
No	634 (82.12)	199 (87.28)	435 (79.96)1
Yes	138 (17.88)	29 (12.72)	109 (20.04)
Familiar antecedents DM2
No	473 (61.27)	147 (64.47)	326 (59.93)
Grandparents	72 (9.33)	26 (11.40)	46 (8.46)
Parents	227 (29.40)	55 (24.12)	172 (31.62)

¹Pearson's χ² test (χ²) P < 0.05;

²Pearson's χ² test (χ²) P < 0.005. DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; PA: Physical activity; M: Male; F: Female.

Table 3 Odds ratios of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus according to Finnish Diabetes Risk Score tertiles at baseline

	Undiagnosed DM2 (FPG≥126 mg/dL and/or OGTT≥200 mg/dL and/or HbA1c≥6.5%)
	1st tertile			2nd tertile			3rd tertile
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Unadjusted	1.0	-	-	2.45	0.60-9.92	0.207	5.69	1.56-20.67	0.008
Gender-adjusted	1.0	-	-	2.49	0.61-10.10	0.199	5.88	1.60-21.54	0.007
Age- and gender-adjusted	1.0	-	-	2.28	0.55-9.35	0.252	4.93	1.28-18.92	0.020

1^st tertile: ≤ 10; 2^nd tertile: 11-14; 3^rd tertile: ≥ 15. OR: Odds ratio; DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.

Table 4 Hazard ratios of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus according to Finnish Diabetes Risk Score tertiles at baseline, during follow-up and among the subsample of prediabetic patients

	Incident DM2 (FPG≥126 mg/dL and/or OGTT≥200 mg/dL and/or HbA1c≥6.5%)
	1st tertile			2nd tertile			3rd tertile
	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Unadjusted	1.00	-	-	3.67	0.77-17.36	0.101	5.31	1.15-24.43	0.032
Gender-adjusted	1.00	-	-	3.93	0.81-18.89	0.087	5.75	1.22-27.03	0.027
Age- and gender-adjusted	1.00	-	-	3.52	0.70-17.53	0.124	4.81	0.93-24.85	0.061

1^st tertile: ≤ 12; 2^nd tertile: 13-16; 3^rd tertile: ≥ 17. HR: Hazard ratio; DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test.

Table 5 Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to identify undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus by gender

FINDRISC score	Undiagnosed DM2 (FPG≥126 mg/dL and/or OGTT≥200 mg/dL and/or HbA1c≥6.5%)
	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	Youden's index
Cutoff value ≥ 11
Men	83.3	49.1	4.2	99.1	0.324
Women	85.7	37.2	3.5	99.0	0.228
Cutoff value ≥ 12
Men	66.7	56.8	4.0	98.4	0.234
Women	85.7	44.9	3.9	99.2	0.306
Cutoff value ≥ 13
Men	66.7	66.2	5.1	98.7	0.328
Women	78.6	54.3	4.4	99.0	0.329
Cutoff value ≥ 14
Men	66.7	75.2	6.8	98.8	0.419
Women	71.4	62.6	4.8	98.8	0.340
Cutoff value ≥ 15
Men	50.0	81.1	6.7	98.4	0.310
Women	57.1	70.7	4.9	98.4	0.278
Cutoff value ≥ 16
Men	33.3	86.0	6.1	98.0	0.193
Women	50.0	76.2	5.3	98.3	0.262
Cutoff value ≥ 17
Men	33.3	88.3	7.1	98.0	0.216
Women	50.0	81.9	6.8	98.4	0.318

DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; FINDRISC: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score.

Table 6 Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to predict incident type 2 diabetes mellitus by gender, during follow-up and among the subsample of prediabetic patients

FINDRISC score	Incident DM2 (FPG≥126 mg/dL and/or OGTT≥200 mg/dL and/or HbA1c≥6.5%)
	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	Youden's index
Cutoff value ≥ 12
Men	85.7	44.7	22.2	94.4	0.304
Women	92.3	28.0	15.2	96.3	0.202
Cutoff value ≥ 13
Men	85.7	52.6	25.0	95.2	0.383
Women	92.3	34.4	16.4	97.0	0.267
Cutoff value ≥ 14
Men	71.4	60.5	25.0	92.0	0.319
Women	84.6	39.8	16.4	94.9	0.244
Cutoff value ≥ 15
Men	57.1	65.8	23.5	89.3	0.229
Women	76.9	49.5	17.5	93.9	0.263
Cutoff value ≥ 16
Men	42.9	68.4	20.0	86.7	0.112
Women	69.2	61.3	20.0	93.4	0.305
Cutoff value ≥ 17
Men	42.9	73.7	23.0	87.5	0.165
Women	53.9	66.7	18.4	91.2	0.205
Cutoff value ≥ 18
Men	42.9	79.0	27.3	88.2	0.218
Women	46.2	76.3	21.4	91.0	0.224

DM2: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; FINDRISC: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score.