Brief Article
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©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co. , Limited. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2013; 4(5): 210-218
Published online Oct 15, 2013. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i5.210
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study sample stratified by gender, presence of MetS and fasting blood glucose category
Without metabolic syndrome Men Women Men Women N’glyc. 91.4 IFG, 110.5 mg/dL ANOVA N’glyc. 92 IFG, 109 mg/dL ANOVA N’glyc. 93.3 ANOVA N’glyc. 93.3 IFG, 111 mg/dL ANOVA n n = 857 n = 79 n = 813 n = 77 n n = 460 n = 168 n = 471 n = 256 Age (yr) 1826 50.8 ± 12.7 54.3 ± 14.2 0.03 49.7 ± 12.2 49.7 ± 11.9 0.99 1355 54.1 ± 11.4 57 ± 12 0.008 55.3 ± 11.3 56.2 ± 12.2 0.31 Waist circumference (cm) 1826 89.3 ± 9.6 85.4 ± 8.5 0.001 84.7 ± 11 81.7 ± 9.8 0.023 1289 101.1 ± 8.4 98.9 ± 9.3 0.004 98.3 ± 10.3 95 ± 12 < 0.001 F. triglycerides (mg/dL) 1336 111.6 ±1.60 93 ± 1.33 < 0.001 95.7 ± 1.48 83.9 ± 1.36 0.001 1043 195 ± 1.62 155.2 ± 1.67 < 0.001 164.7±1.61 143 ± 1.65 0.001 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 1826 40.5 ± 12.5 43.9 ± 12.3 0.021 48.5 ± 13 52.3 ± 13.8 0.017 1291 32.3 ± 7.7 35 ± 10.1 0.002 39.4 ± 9 42.1 ± 11.7 < 0.001 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 1826 113 ± 30.9 102.8 ± 25.9 0.003 116 ± 33.8 109.1 ± 35.1 0.11 1355 116 ± 32.5 115.5 ± 33 0.90 127.4 ± 34.3 120.2 ± 34 0.015 Total cholest. (mg/dL) 1826 180 ± 36.5 167.4 ± 30.2 0.003 185 ± 38 179 ± 36.5 0.18 1355 189.2 ± 37.7 186.1 ± 35.8 0.35 199 ± 38.2 195 ± 39.7 0.18 Apo B (mg/dL) 618 111.8 ± 35 100.7 ± 22.7 0.07 108.9 ± 32.7 115 ± 41.6 0.34 505 128.6 ± 38.4 120.8 ± 43.5 0.18 131.6 ± 50.2 122.5 ± 41.7 0.13 Apo A-I (mg/dL) 583 127.7 ± 29.7 127.7 ± 35.8 1.00 145.9 ± 32 150.7 ± 35.2 0.44 486 123 ± 28.3 124.8 ± 30.8 0.67 137 ± 30 145 ± 36.4 0.067 Apo E (mg/dL) 574 4.26 ± 3.73 3.36 ± 0.98 0.24 4.03 ± 1.25 4.01 ± 1.11 0.94 455 4.50 ± 2.11 4.67 ± 2.99 0.64 4.67 ± 1.97 4.21 ± 1.39 0.063 Fast insulin (mIU/L) 1310 7.14 ± 2.06 5.97 ± 2.23 0.063 7.52 ± 2.01 7.41 ± 1.87 0.88 952 10.4 ± 1.80 9.7 ± 1.92 0.28 10.3 ± 1.75 9.5 ± 1.93 0.13 Lipoprotein(a) (mg/dL) 884 9.14 ± 2.92 8.48 ± 2.67 0.70 10.98 ± 2.93 15.96 ± 3.25 0.073 687 7.75 ± 3.01 8.75 ± 2.67 0.39 10.23 ± 2.96 11.32 ± 3.1 0.39 Diastolic BP (mmHg) 1826 77.1 ± 11 76.1 ± 7.8 0.43 78.6 ± 12.6 77 ± 12.3 0.18 1355 88 ± 13 87 ± 14.6 0.44 90.3 ± 13.5 87.7 ± 14.3 0.013 γ-glutamyltransf (U/L) 984 24.7 ± 1.78 22.5 ± 1.94 0.32 16.5 ± 1.80 19.2 ± 1.80 0.13 750 29.7 ± 1.85 27.6 ± 1.84 0.33 19.9 ± 1.88 21.1 ± 1.93 0.40 Creatinine (mg/dL) 1060 0.977 ± 0.18 0.963 ± 0.17 0.63 0.783 ± 0.31 0.75 ± 0.12 0.51 745 1.04 ± 0.25 0.96 ± 0.18 0.64 0.808 ± .19 0.77 ± 0.14 0.023 Smoking; curr., fast (%) 1800 58.9 ± 18.9 55.3 ± 21.1 0.82 21.9 ± 4 26.3 ± 6.6 0.33 1331 46 ± 25.6 37.7 ± 27.5 0.82 11.5 ± 3.8 15.7 ± 4.3 0.24
Table 2 Linear regression analysis for serum lipoprotein(a), by gender
Men (n = 165) Women (n = 173) β SE P valueβ SE P valueAge (11 yr) 1.05 1.11 0.59 0.78 1.01 0.007 Fasting glucose (24 mg/dL) 0.82 1.12 0.14 0.66 1.18 0.018 Fasting insulin (mIU/L) 0.82 1.28 0.43 0.75 1.32 0.31 Apo A-I/HDL-chol ratio (1 U) 1.06 1.09 0.48 1.08 1.09 0.40 R2 = 0.01; P = 0.45 R2 = 0.06; P = 0.014
Table 3 Cox regression analysis for incident diabetes, by gender, in the whole sample and in subjects free of metabolic syndrome
Whole sample With MetS Total, n = 238/23821 Men, n = 130/1140 Women, n = 108/1242 Total, n = 75/13601 Men, n = 49/6871 Women, n = 26/6731 HR 95%CI HR 95%CI HR 95%CI HR 95%CI HR 95%CI HR 95%CI Sex (female) 0.53 0.38; 0.75 0.33 0.18-0.61 Age (11 yr) 1.10 0.97-1.26 1.19 1.00-1.41 1.00 0.82-1.23 1.13 0.90-1.40 1.14 0.87-1.48 1.09 0.73-1.62 IFG vs normoglycemia 2.83 2.17-3.71 2.65 1.82-3.86 3.10 2.10-4.58 2.06 1.04-4.06 2.59 1.19-5.64 1.38 0.32-5.97 Body m. index (5 kg/m2 ) 1.74 1.53-1.98 1.91 1.55-2.34 1.64 1.39-1.94 1.77 1.34-2.33 1.86 1.24-2.78 1.70 1.18-2.46 HDL-cholest (12 mg/dL) 0.95 0.82-1.10 0.99 0.79-1.22 0.92 0.75-1.13 1.05 0.83-1.31 1.10 0.85-1.41 0.96 0.66-1.43 Statin usage 1.25 0.59-2.68 2.62 0.96-7.18 0.76 0.24-2.43 2.13 0.49-9.26 7.63 1.66-35.2 0 few users Antihypertensive drugs 1.18 0.85-1.64 1.32 0.81-2.14 1.12 0.71-1.76 1.70 0.84-3.42 2.19 0.88-5.44 1.32 0.46-3.82 Current vs never smoking 1.04 0.73-1.47 1.11 0.72-1.71 0.86 0.47-1.59 0.67 0.37-1.23 0.85 0.42-1.73 0.20 0.03-1.48 Former vs never smoking 1.38 0.93-2.05 1.24 0.79-1.97 1.98 0.86-4.54 1.24 0.63-2.44 1.25 0.58-2.70 1.47 0.20-11.0
Table 4 Cox regression analysis for incident coronary heart disease of impaired fasting glucose, by presence of metabolic syndrome and gender
Whole sample Without MetS With MetS Total, n = 359/27181 2 Men, n = 175/13242 Women, n = 184/13942 Total, n = 133/15691 Men, n = 74/795 Women, n = 59/7741 Total, n = 226/11381 Men, n = 101/524 Women, n = 125/614 HR 95%CI RR 95%CI RR 95%CI HR 95%CI RR 95%CI RR 95%CI HR 95%CI RR 95%CI RR 95%CI Female sex 0.94 0.72-1.22 0.82 0.54-1.27 0.98 0.70-1.38 Age (11 yr) 1.49 1.34-1.66 1.52 1.31-1.76 1.46 1.26-1.71 1.71 1.46-2.02 1.71 1.37-2.13 1.75 1.37-2.24 1.33 1.15-1.52 1.40 1.14-1.73 1.24 1.02-1.51 IFG (FG > 100 mg/dL) 0.93 0.71-1.21 0.71 0.46-1.10 1.10 0.78-1.55 0.37 0.14-0.998 0.47 0.15-1.53 0.22 0.03-1.64 0.96 0.72-1.29 0.75 0.46-1.23 1.10 0.76-1.61 Non-HDL chol. (35 mg/dL) 1.37 1.23-1.47 1.42 1.23-1.63 1.32 1.15-1.52 1.47 1.23-1.68 1.57 1.28-1.93 1.37 1.07-1.68 1.28 1.11-1.42 1.32 1.07-1.57 1.28 1.11-1.52 HDL cholest. (12 mg/dL) 0.84 0.76-0.95 0.87 0.73-1.04 0.83 0.71-0.98 0.90 0.76-1.07 0.93 0.73-1.20 0.85 0.66-1.09 0.90 0.74-1.09 0.83 0.62-1.13 0.95 0.75-1.22 Systolic BP (25 mmHg) 1.42 1.28-1.56 1.72 1.49-2.04 1.31 1.16-1.49 1.35 1.13-1.60 1.60 1.22-2.15 1.22 0.95-1.52 1.35 1.19-1.56 1.72 1.38-2.15 1.22 1.03-1.42 Current vs never smoking 1.13 0.86-1.49 1.52 1.04-2.21 0.78 0.49-1.25 1.19 0.78-1.84 1.34 0.76-2.37 1.09 0.52-2.26 1.13 0.78-1.64 1.60 0.96-2.67 0.70 0.37-1.31 Former vs never smoking 1.13 0.79-1.60 1.23 0.81-1.88 1.42 0.66-3.05 1.05 0.58-1.90 0.93 0.45-1.92 2.22 0.90-6.22 1.15 0.74-1.79 1.38 0.81-2.33 0.95 0.30-3.03
Table 5 Clinical significance of impaired fasting glucose in regard to cardiometabolic risk depending on presence of metabolic syndrome
Risk Diabetes1 CHD2 Men without MetS 3-fold risk conferring Protective with MetS 3-fold risk conferring Slightly protective Women without MetS Confers minimal risk Protective with MetS 3-fold risk conferring Slightly risk conferring3