Diabetes-related alterations in the enteric nervous system and its microenvironment

Table 1 Summary of recent publications on the enteric nervous system in diabetes

Location of change	Type of change	References	Species
Stomach	Gastroparesis, oxidative stress	Choi et al[50]	Mouse
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon	Region specific nitrergic neuronal loss, gastrointestinal motility disorders	Izbéki et al[22]	Rat
Esophagus, stomach, intestine	Loss of ICCs	Ördög[46]	Human, mouse, rat
Ileum	Loss of enteric neurons	Pereira et al[78]	Rat
Jejunum	Decreased NO responsiveness, decreased nNOS protein expression	Zandecki et al[18]	Rat
Duodenum	Loss of enteric neurons	De Mello et al[88]	Rat
Esophagus, stomach, intestine	Diabetic gastroenteropathy	Ördög et al[47]	Human, mouse, rat
Stomach	Gastroparesis, regional injury of ICCs	Wang et al[43]	Rat
Colon	Reduction in GFAP and neurotrophins	Liu et al[82]	Rat
Small intestine	Loss of enteric neurons, gastrointestinal motility disorders	Nezami and Srinivasan[38]	Human, mouse, rat
Colon	Gastrointestinal motility disorders, loss of enteric neurons, increased oxidative stress	Chandrasekharan et al[72]	Human
Stomach	Gastroparesis	Hasler et al[106]	Human
Stomach, intestine	Oxidative stress	Kashyap et al[90]	Human, mouse, rat
Stomach	Gastroparesis	Tang et al[97]	Human
Duodenum, cecum	Loss of enteric neurons	Zanoni et al[156]	Rat

ICCs: Interstitial cells of Cajal; NO: Nitric oxide; nNOS: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein.