ApoE isoforms, treatment of diabetes and the risk of coronary heart disease

Table 1 Mean values or prevalence of factors at baseline for apoE2, apoE3 homozygosity and apoE4 among the 269 patients n (%)

	ApoE2	ApoE3 homozygosity	ApoE4
No. of patients (men/women)	18 (14/4)	207 (156/51)	44 (29/15)
Age at enrollment	53.4 ± 5.8	53.8 ± 5.7	54.2 ± 4.8
Observation period (yr)	11.9 ± 5.2	12.6 ± 5.3	12.2 ± 5.4
Smoking status
Never smokers	6	66	17
Past smokers	5	63	11
Smokers	7	78	16
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.4 ± 3.1	22.3 ± 2.6	22.9 ± 3.3
HbA1c (NGSP equivalent value) (%)	8.7 ± 1.5	8.7 ± 1.4	8.6 ± 1.1
Medication for hyperglycemia before enrollment
None	7 (38.9)	80 (38.6)	22 (50.0)
Oral hypoglycemic agents	9 (50.0)	104 (50.2)	19 (43.2)
Insulin	2 (11.1)	23 (11.1)	3 (6.8)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.83 ± 1.00	5.51 ± 1.21	5.45 ± 0.93
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.14 ± 0.22	1.17 ± 0.32	1.12 ± 0.36
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.92 ± 0.89	3.55 ± 1.10	3.52 ± 0.76
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.69 ± 0.97	1.79 ± 1.32	1.94 ± 1.82
Medications for hyperlipidemia	0 (0.0)	1 (0.01)	2 (5.0)
Systolic blood pressure (kPa)	17.3 ± 1.9	17.3 ± 2.5	17.8 ± 2.5
Diastolic blood pressure (kPa)	10.6 ± 1.3	10.5 ± 1.5	10.5 ± 1.5
Medications for hypertension	3 (16.7)	21 (10.1)	8 (18.2)
Proteinuria	4 (22.2)	50 (24.2)	10 (22.7)
Diabetic retinopathy	7 (38.9)	61 (29.6)	11 (25.0)

ApoE: Apolipoprotein E gene; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; NGSP: National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program.

Table 2 Factors associated with coronary heart disease in the present cohort¹

Factors	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age	1.03 (0.98-1.09)	0.22
Male	1.44 (0.77-2.69)	0.26
Present smokers	0.62 (0.35-1.1)	0.071
Height (m)	0.006 (0.00-1.56)	0.11
BMI (compared with 22 ≤ BMI < 25) (kg/m2)
BMI < 18.5	0.80 (0.18-3.56)	0.78
18.5 ≤ BMI < 22	1.94 (0.88-4.28)	0.10
BMI ≥ 25	1.58 (0.80-3.14)	0.19
HbA1c	1.18 (1.04-1.34)	0.013
Systolic blood pressure	1.02 (1.01-1.04)	0.002
Diastolic blood pressure	1.01 (0.99-1.04)	0.52
Total cholesterol	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.38
HDL-cholesterol	0.97 (0.94-1.00)	0.027
LDL-cholesterol	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.26
Triglyceride	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.32
Diabetic retinopathy	2.77 (1.57-4.93)	0.0005
Proteinuria	1.22 (0.63-2.36)	0.55
ApoE phenotype (compared with apoE3 homozygosity)
ApoE2	0.76 (0.27-2.13)	0.60
ApoE4	0.72 (0.21-2.43)	0.60

¹Univariate analysis. BMI: Body mass index; ApoE: Apolipoprotein E gene; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Factors associated with coronary heart disease in the present cohort¹

Factors	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Male	0.76 (0.33-1.79)	0.54
BMI at enrollment (compared with 22 < BMI < 25) (kg/m2)
BMI ≤ 18.5	0.87 (0.18-4.36)	0.87
18.5 < BMI ≤ 22	1.86 (0.80-4.36)	0.15
25 < BMI ≤ 30	1.60 (0.75-3.41)	0.23
HbA1c	1.19 (1.02-1.38)	0.029
Systolic blood pressure	1.04 (1.02-1.06)	0.0005
Diastolic blood pressure	0.96 (0.92-1.01)	0.06
Total cholesterol	0.99 (0.95-1.04)	0.79
HDL-cholesterol	0.97 (0.92-1.02)	0.21
LDL-cholesterol	1.01 (0.97-1.05)	0.77
Triglyceride	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.86
Diabetic retinopathy	2.38 (1.28-4.43)	0.006
Proteinuria	0.71 (0.34-1.48)	0.36
ApoE phenotype (compared with apoE3 homozygosity)
ApoE2	0.93 (0.31-2.80)	0.89
ApoE4	0.69 (0.18-1.79)	0.58

¹Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted with age and smoking status at enrollment. ApoE: Apolipoprotein E gene; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.