Expression and clinical value of the plasma peroxiredoxin family in early pregnancy for predicting subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.123635

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 123635
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.123635

Table 1 Comparison of normality and homogeneity of variance for plasma indicators between the control and observation group

Indicators	Group	Kolmogorov-Smirnov		Levene’s
Indicators	Group	Statistics	P value	Statistics	P value
Age (years)	Control group	0.174	0.000	32.855	0.000
Age (years)	Observation group	0.105	0.000	32.855	0.000
Height (m)	Control group	0.074	0.005	2.373	0.124
Height (m)	Observation group	0.088	0.000	2.373	0.124
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)	Control group	0.103	0.000	15.555	0.000
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)	Observation group	0.083	0.001	15.555	0.000
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	Control group	0.056	0.087	12.211	0.001
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	Observation group	0.058	0.069	12.211	0.001
Mid-pregnancy weight (kg)	Control group	0.093	0.000	0.854	0.356
Mid-pregnancy weight (kg)	Observation group	0.078	0.002	0.854	0.356
Mid-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	Control group	0.067	0.018	2.993	0.084
Mid-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	Observation group	0.054	0.200	2.993	0.084
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	Control group	0.101	0.000	87.157	0.000
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	Observation group	0.081	0.001	87.157
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	Control group	0.080	0.001	0.764	0.383
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	Observation group	0.104	0.000	0.764
HDL-C (mmol/L)	Control group	0.094	0.000	35.254	0.000
HDL-C (mmol/L)	Observation group	0.081	0.001	35.254
LDL-C (mmol/L)	Control group	0.083	0.001	216.949	0.000
LDL-C (mmol/L)	Observation group	0.074	0.005	216.949
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	Control group	0.076	0.004	64.616	0.000
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	Observation group	0.095	0.000	64.616
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	Control group	0.269	0.000	6.660	0.010
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	Observation group	0.113	0.000	6.660
PRDX1 (pg/mL)	Control group	0.200	0.000	34.567	0.000
PRDX1 (pg/mL)	Observation group	0.091	0.000	34.567
PRDX2 (pg/mL)	Control group	0.134	0.000	0.033	0.855
PRDX2 (pg/mL)	Observation group	0.122	0.000	0.033
PRDX3 (pg/mL)	Control group	0.060	0.047	8.873	0.003
PRDX3 (pg/mL)	Observation group	0.119	0.000	8.873
PRDX4 (pg/mL)	Control group	0.126	0.000	0.072	0.788
PRDX4 (pg/mL)	Observation group	0.086	0.000	0.072
PRDX5 (pg/mL)	Control group	0.166	0.000	17.742	0.000
PRDX5 (pg/mL)	Observation group	0.062	0.036	17.742
PRDX6 (pg/mL)	Control group	0.069	0.012	9.271	0.002
PRDX6 (pg/mL)	Observation group	0.102	0.000	9.271

BMI: Body mass index; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PRDX: Peroxiredoxin.

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Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the control and observation group

Indicators	Control group	Observation group	Z/χ²	P value
Number of cases	222	222
Age (years)	26.00 (25.00-31.00)	32.00 (28.00-36.25)	9.381	0.000
Height (m)	1.62 (1.56-1.68)	1.61 (1.57-1.67)	-0.276	0.782
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)	57.00 (49.00-64.00)	70.00 (61.00-81.00)	11.395	0.000
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	21.32 (18.64-24.40)	26.71 (23.30-30.84)	11.114	0.000
Mid-pregnancy weight (kg)	57.00 (48.00-66.00)	72.00 (65.00-82.00)	12.773	0.000
Mid-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	21.26 (18.64-24.97)	27.96 (24.28-30.83)	12.215	0.000
Birth history
Yes	116 (52.25)	109 (49.10)	0.442	0.506
No	106 (47.75)	113 (50.90)	0.442	0.506

BMI: Body mass index.

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Table 3 Comparison of plasma biochemical parameters between the control and observation group

Indicators	Control group	Observation group	Z/χ²	P value
Number of cases	222	222
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.80 (2.00-3.91)	4.35 (2.42-5.73)	6.871	0.000
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.87 (4.30-7.33)	6.11 (4.53-7.44)	1.031	0.303
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.61 (1.37-1.83)	1.53 (1.18-1.84)	-2.126	0.034
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.32 (2.37-4.02)	4.26 (3.90-4.56)	11.581	0.000
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.28 (3.88-4.73)	4.76 (4.12-5.53)	7.482	0.000
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	5.40 (5.40-5.60)	6.50 (6.10-6.90)	15.545	0.000

HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

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Table 4 Comparison of plasma peroxiredoxin family member expression between the control and observation group

Indicators	Control group	Observation group	Z/χ²	P value
Number of cases	222	222
PRDX1 (pg/mL)	46.23 (32.35-102.41)	126.20 (68.99-183.65)	9.385	0.000
PRDX2 (pg/mL)	58.00 (32.76-87.44)	77.30 (54.13-120.30)	4.367	0.000
PRDX3 (pg/mL)	150.93 (102.83-190.35)	175.00 (125.95-236.05)	4.591	0.000
PRDX4 (pg/mL)	71.23 (39.20-117.74)	141.30 (91.19-170.80)	10.069	0.000
PRDX5 (pg/mL)	65.25 (47.44-125.00)	123.60 (93.10-150.68)	8.825	0.000
PRDX6 (pg/mL)	413.95 (256.45-525.00)	472.45 (270.46-652.30)	3.244	0.001

PRDX: Peroxiredoxin.

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Table 5 Diagnostic value of plasma peroxiredoxin family members in women with early gestational diabetes mellitus

Indicators	AUC	P value	Sensitivity	Specificity	Youden index	Cutoff	95%CI
PRDX1	0.757	0.000	0.874	0.550	0.423	52.80	0.713-0.802
PRDX2	0.620	0.000	0.644	0.581	0.225	63.15	0.567-0.672
PRDX3	0.626	0.000	0.365	0.833	0.198	199.66	0.574-0.677
PRDX4	0.776	0.000	0.644	0.788	0.432	123.10	0.733-0.820
PRDX5	0.742	0.000	0.946	0.514	0.459	65.51	0.695-0.789
PRDX6	0.589	0.001	0.392	0.775	0.167	527.38	0.536-0.642
Combined	0.836	0.000	0.851	0.703	0.554		0.799-0.873

Combined: Indicates the joint receiver operating characteristic analysis of peroxiredoxin 1, peroxiredoxin 4 and peroxiredoxin 5.

PRDX: Peroxiredoxin; AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval.

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Table 6 Univariate logistic regression analysis in women with early gestational diabetes mellitus

Indicators	B	SE	Wald χ²	P value	OR	95%CI
Age	0.214	0.025	76.460	0.000	1.239	1.181-1.300
Height	-0.370	1.475	0.063	0.802	0.691	0.038-12.435
Pre-pregnancy weight	0.125	0.013	98.767	0.000	1.133	1.105-1.161
Pre-pregnancy BMI	0.290	0.030	94.076	0.000	1.336	1.260-1.417
Mid-pregnancy weight	0.147	0.014	109.143	0.000	1.159	1.127-1.191
Mid-pregnancy BMI	0.323	0.031	106.737	0.000	1.381	1.299-1.468
Birth history	-0.126	0.190	0.441	0.506	0.881	0.607-1.279
Triglyceride	0.486	0.066	54.474	0.000	1.627	1.429-1.851
Total cholesterol	0.060	0.057	1.108	0.292	1.062	0.949-1.188
HDL-C	-0.59	0.286	4.263	0.039	0.554	0.316-0.970
LDL-C	2.186	0.230	90.347	0.000	8.900	5.670-13.968
Fasting blood glucose	1.304	0.167	60.640	0.000	3.682	2.652-5.112
Glycated hemoglobin	3.076	0.274	126.471	0.000	21.678	12.682-37.057
PRDX1	0.016	0.002	68.788	0.000	1.016	1.012-1.019
PRDX2	0.008	0.002	13.451	0.000	1.008	1.004-1.012
PRDX3	0.007	0.001	24.873	0.000	1.007	1.004-1.009
PRDX4	0.017	0.002	69.990	0.000	1.017	1.013-1.021
PRDX5	0.018	0.002	57.480	0.000	1.018	1.013-1.023
PRDX6	0.002	0.000	14.550	0.000	1.002	1.001-1.003

BMI: Body mass index; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PRDX: Peroxiredoxin; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.

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Table 7 Multivariate logistic regression analysis in women with early gestational diabetes mellitus

Indicators	B	SE	Wald χ²	P value	OR	95%CI
Age	0.262	0.065	16.209	0.000	1.299	1.144-1.476
Pre-pregnancy BMI	0.293	0.069	18.094	0.000	1.340	1.171-1.533
Triglyceride	0.654	0.167	15.291	0.000	1.923	1.386-2.670
HDL-C	-1.098	0.770	2.034	0.154	0.334	0.074-1.508
LDL-C	3.026	0.594	25.932	0.000	20.624	6.434-66.106
Fasting blood glucose	1.412	0.420	11.319	0.001	4.105	1.803-9.347
Glycated hemoglobin	1.711	0.310	30.375	0.000	5.532	3.011-10.165
PRDX1	0.012	0.004	6.777	0.009	1.012	1.003-1.021
PRDX2	-0.001	0.005	0.041	0.840	0.999	0.990-1.009
PRDX3	0.007	0.003	5.948	0.015	1.007	1.001-1.013
PRDX4	0.010	0.005	3.736	0.053	1.010	1.000-1.020
PRDX5	0.007	0.005	1.579	0.209	1.007	0.996-1.017
PRDX6	0.001	0.001	1.716	0.190	1.001	0.999-1.003

BMI: Body mass index; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PRDX: Peroxiredoxin; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.

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Citation: Xu XP, Ding S, Che YM, Li J, Zhang Z, Qian C. Expression and clinical value of the plasma peroxiredoxin family in early pregnancy for predicting subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 123635
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/123635.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.123635

Xu XP, Ding S, Che YM, Li J, Zhang Z, Qian C. Expression and clinical value of the plasma peroxiredoxin family in early pregnancy for predicting subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 123635 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.123635]

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