Severe insulin-deficient diabetes: Updated review of epidemiology, biology, and clinical implications

doi:10.4239/wjd.119203

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2026; 17(8): 119203
Published online Aug 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.119203

Table 1 Summary of main characteristics of severe insulin-deficient diabetes across various races and ethnicities[1,5,7-10,12,14]

Ref.	Cohort	Setting	Age (years)	BMI (kg/m²)	HbA1c (%)
Ahlqvist et al[1]	ANDIS (Sweden)	Incident T2D	50.3	27.3	11.5
Zaharia et al[7]	German recent-onset	Recent-onset T2D (5-year follow-up)	43.8	27.0	8.7
Anjana et al[8]	INSPIRED/INDIAB (India)	< 5-year duration; multi-center	42.5	24.9	10.7
Jagannathan et al[9]	CARRS (India)	> 10-year duration, multi-center	49.8	27.1	10.4
Wang et al[14]	China	Newly diagnosed	49.6	25	9.15
Li et al[5]	China	Community T2D	58.09	25.44	9.53
Bello-Chavolla et al[10]	Mexican/Mexican-American	Mixed (NHANES + Mexican cohorts)	46.9	32.09	NA
Antonio-Villa et al[12]	United States NHANES	Population survey (classification)	58.17	31.18	9.9

NA: Not applicable; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; T2D: Type 2 diabetes.

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Table 2 Distribution of data-driven diabetes subtypes across cohorts, with severe insulin-deficient diabetes age/body mass index at diagnosis, mean ± SD/n (%)

Ref.	Cohort	Population/setting	T2D analytic sample (n)	Subtype distribution	SIDD age at diagnosis	SIDD BMI at diagnosis
Ahlqvist et al[1]	ANDIS	Sweden (Europe)	8980	SIDD 1575 (17.5); SAID 577 (6.4); SIRD 1373 (15.3); MOD 1942 (21.6); MARD 3513 (39.1)	56.74 ± 11.14	28.86 ± 4.77
Anjana et al[8]	INSPIRED	India (South Asia)	19084	SIDD 5009 (26.2); IROD 4934 (25.9); CIRDD 2313 (12.1); MARD 6828 (35.8)	42.5 ± 10.8	24.9 ± 3.5
Jagannathan et al[9]	CARRS	South Asians (CARRS program)	2639	SIDD 605 (22.9); MIDD 1439 (54.5); SIRD 595 (22.5)	49.8	27.1 ± 3.5

BMI: Body mass index; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; SIDD: Severe insulin-deficient diabetes; SAID: Severe autoimmune diabetes; SIRD: Severe insulin-resistant diabetes; MOD: Mild obesity-related diabetes; MARD: Mild age-related diabetes; IROD: Insulin-resistant obese diabetes; CIRDD: Insulin-deficient-predominant mixed subtype; MIDD: Mild Insulin-deficient diabetes.

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Citation: Beyh YS, Narayan KMV, Jagannathan R. Severe insulin-deficient diabetes: Updated review of epidemiology, biology, and clinical implications. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 119203
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i8/119203.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.119203

Beyh YS, Narayan KMV, Jagannathan R. Severe insulin-deficient diabetes: Updated review of epidemiology, biology, and clinical implications. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(8): 119203 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.119203]

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