Clinical features of malnutrition in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-related diabetic foot ulcers: A retrospective study

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients between the two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

	Malnutrition group (n = 96)	Non-malnutrition group (n = 172)	P value
Age (years)	68.5 ± 10.7	64.0 ± 9.8	0.001
Sex			0.591
Male	66 (68.8)	112 (65.1)
Female	30 (31.3)	60 (34.9)
Marital status			0.726
Married	92 (95.8)	167 (97.1)
Single/divorced	4 (4.2)	5 (2.9)
Residence			0.859
City	81 (84.4)	147 (85.5)
Rural	15 (15.6)	25 (14.5)
Alcohol	11 (11.5)	18 (10.5)	0.839
Smoking	20 (20.8)	42 (24.4)	0.548
Diabetes duration (years)	11.0 ± 2.9	10.3 ± 3.0	0.046
Hypertension	50 (52.1)	94 (54.7)	0.703
Serum albumin (g/L)	35.3 ± 8.8	39.0 ± 9.2	0.002
CRP (mg/L)	20.1 ± 8.6	21.6 ± 9.8	0.216
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	3.2 ± 1.0	2.9 ± 1.1	0.025
HDL (mmol/L)	1.1 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.3	0.735
Hemoglobin (g/L)	104.5 ± 21.1	116.1 ± 24.8	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	8.1 ± 1.2	6.7 ± 1.1	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	76.3 ± 35.6	72.5 ± 35.1	0.388
Creatinine (μmol/L)	68.8 ± 28.3	71.2 ± 26.4	0.500
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	6.3 ± 2.2	6.1 ± 2.1	0.444
MDROs	46 (47.9)	50 (29.1)	0.002

CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; MDRO: Multidrug-resistant organism.

Table 2 Univariate logistic regression for risk factors for malnutrition in patients hospitalized with diabetic foot ulcers

	B	SE	Walds	OR	95%CI	P value
Age (> 65 years)	0.043	0.013	11.048	1.044	1.018-1.071	0.001
Diabetes duration (> 8.9 years)	0.087	0.044	3.924	1.090	1.001-1.188	0.048
Serum albumin (< 36.6 g/L)	1.043	1.427	0.534	2.838	0.713-46.528	0.002
Triglyceride (> 2.0 mmol/L)	0.272	0.122	4.946	1.312	1.033-1.668	0.026
Hemoglobin (< 111.2 g/L)	1.241	0.268	21.426	3.460	2.046-5.853	< 0.001
HbA1c (> 7.1%)	1.056	0.147	51.635	2.874	2.155-3.834	< 0.001
MDROs	0.809	0.264	9.349	2.245	1.337-3.796	0.002

CI: Confidence interval; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; MDRO: Multidrug-resistant organism; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression for risk factors for malnutrition in patients hospitalized with diabetic foot ulcers

	B	SE	Walds	OR	95%CI	P value
Age (> 65 years)	0.046	0.016	8.111	1.047	1.015-1.081	0.004
Diabetes duration (> 8.9 years)	0.174	0.057	9.311	1.191	1.064-1.332	0.062
Serum albumin (< 36.6 g/L)	1.172	0.357	10.807	3.229	1.605-6.494	0.014
Triglyceride (> 2.0 mmol/L)	0.257	0.163	2.482	1.293	0.939-1.781	0.115
Hemoglobin (< 111.2 g/L)	1.314	0.354	13.801	3.722	1.861-7.445	< 0.001
HbA1c (> 7.1%)	1.104	0.167	43.777	3.016	2.175-4.183	< 0.001
MDROs	0.946	0.344	7.547	2.575	1.311-5.058	0.006

CI: Confidence interval; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; MDRO: Multidrug-resistant organism; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 4 Comparison of outcomes between the two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

	Malnutrition group (n = 96)	Non-malnutrition group (n = 172)	P value
Amputation	5 (5.2)	4 (2.3)	0.209
Hospital stays (days)	20.6 ± 7.0	19.0 ± 4.7	0.029
In-hospital death	4 (4.2)	5 (2.9)	0.583
Wound healing within 60 days	23 (24.0)	69 (40.1)	0.008