Efficacy and safety of Bailing capsules combined with sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors in diabetic kidney disease treatment

Table 1 Main characteristics of the 14 included trials

Ref.	Participants (sample)		Age (year)		Baseline level	Intervention measures		Duration (week)	Outcome indicators1	Adverse reactions2
	T	C	T	C		T	C
Dang and Zhu[10], 2022	42	43	64.11 ± 9.03	64.85 ± 9.10	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	4, 7, and 8	1, 2, and 3
Meng et al[11], 2024	51	51	59.12 ± 4.67	59.08 ± 4.72	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0-3.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	8	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7	/
Wen and Liu[12], 2025	38	38	/	/	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 2.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	1, 4, and 5	/
Fang and Hu[13], 2022	40	40	60.72 ± 4.25	60.67 ± 4.29	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0-3.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 5 mg qd	8	1, 4, 5, and 7	/
Li and Gao[14], 2021	58	58	55.21 ± 6.9	55.72 ± 6.14	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	4, 6, and 8	1 and 4
Li[15], 2022	34	34	58 ± 4	58 ± 5	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	2, 4, 6, and 8	4, 6, and 7
Wang et al[16], 2023	40	40	63.32 ± 5.70	63.38 ± 5.71	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 2.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8	3, 8, and 10
Wang et al[17], 2024	57	46	54.31 ± 11.65	55.01 ± 11.87	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 2.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8	3, 8, and 9
Luo and Renqing[18], 2021	43	43	56.31 ± 4.58	56.07 ± 4.65	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 2.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	2, 4, and 8	4, 6, and 7
Cai[19], 2024	30	30	64.17 ± 2.69	64.25 ± 2.36	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0 g tid	Basic treatment + proline Hengliejing tablets 10 mg qd	12	1, 2, 3, and 6	/
Zhao and Zhang[20], 2025	34	33	53.19 ± 2.75	53.14 ± 2.72	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	1, 2, 5, 7, and 8	3, 4, and 10
Chen and Zhang[21], 2025	51	51	55.50 ± 6.98	55.56 ± 7.02	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	1, 4, and 5	1, 3, and 4
Chen et al[22], 2024	30	30	65.41 ± 2.32	65.86 ± 2.10	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 2.0 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	12	2, 4, 5, 7, and 8	1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Sui et al[23], 2025	417	417	56.16 ± 8.41	56.05 ± 8.53	Similar	C + Bailing capsules 1.5 g tid	Basic treatment + dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg qd	48	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8	1 and 2

¹1: Clinical effective rate; 2: Fasting blood glucose; 3: HbA1c; 4: SCr; 5: BUN; 6: Β2-MG; 7: 24h-UP; 8: The incidence of adverse reactions.

²1: Hypoglycemia; 2: Urinary tract infection; 3: Gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea and vomiting; 4: Hypotension; 5: Electrolyte disturbance; 6: Ketoacidosis; 7: Gout; 8: Rash; 9: Fever; 10: Dizziness or headache.

T: Treatment group; C: Control group; tid: Three times daily; qd: One time daily.