Improvement in glycemic control after bariatric surgery beyond weight loss

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the cohort, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	n = 81
Sex: Female	41 (51)
Age, years (SD)	41.2 (10.5)
Medical history
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	25 (30.4)
Prediabetes	20 (24.3)
Dyslipidemia	42 (51.2)
Arterial hypertension	27 (32.9)
Type of surgery performed
Sleeve gastrectomy	81 (100)
Preoperative treatment
Insulin use	2 (2.9)
GLP-1 receptor agonist use	13 (16.0)
SGLT2 inhibitor use	7 (8.9)
Metformin use	32 (41.0)
Orlistat use	2 (2.4)
Statin use	11 (14.1)
Fibrate use	3 (3.8)
Anthropometric measurements
Weight, kg	112.2 (18.4)
Body mass index, kg/m2	40.8 (5.5)
Metabolic variables, mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin	6.15 (1.31)
HDL cholesterol	44.4 (13.3)
LDL cholesterol	122.0 (38.8)
Triglycerides	167.6 (75.4)
Fasting plasma glucose	104.3 (14.7)
Arterial hypertension stages
Stage I	44 (53.6)
Stage II	28 (32)

HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

Table 2 Distribution of metabolic variables and arterial hypertension stage according to ACC/AHA classification before and after surgical intervention, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	n = 81	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	Mean difference	95%CI	Cohen’s d	P value
Arterial hypertension stage
Stage I	44 (53.6)	26 (32.1)	-	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Stage II	28 (32)	4 (4.9)	-	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Weight (kg)		115 ± 16.1	89.2 ± 13.4	26.6	24.1-28.9	2.01	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)		40.5 ± 5.1	31.2 ± 4.2	9.3	8.6-10	1.98	< 0.001
Glycated hemoglobin		7.1 ± 1.2	5.8 ± 0.6	1.3	0.9-1.7	1.25	< 0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL		45.2 ± 10.1	52.6 ± 9.4	-7.4	-9.1 to -5.7	0.76	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL		128.4 ± 24.5	104.2 ± 20.1	24.2	18.5-29.8	0.88	< 0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL		172.5 ± 45.1	130.2 ± 32.4	42.3	35.1-49.5	1.08	< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL		114.2 ± 28.5	92.4 ± 15.1	21.8	16.2-27.4	0.95	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; N/A: Not applicable; CI: Confidence interval.