Visit-to-visit variability of creatinine levels associated with proteinuria progression in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.119913

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2026; 17(6): 119913
Published online Jun 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.119913

Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical features in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without proteinuria progression, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variables	Total T2DM (n = 1453)	T2DM with proteinuria progression (n = 390)	T2DM without proteinuria progression (n = 1063)	t/χ² value	P value
Age (year)				17.4	< 0.01
< 45	357 (24.6)	76 (19.5)	281 (26.4)
45-55	341 (23.5)	78 (20.0)	263 (24.8)
46-65	373 (25.7)	109 (27.9)	264 (24.8)
> 65	382 (26.3)	127 (32.6)	255 (24.0)
Sex				17.03	< 0.01
Male	933 (64.2)	217 (55.6)	716 (67.3)
Female	520 (35.8)	173 (44.4)	347 (32.7)
Course of T2DM (month), median (IQR)	79 (50-161)	95.5 (60.0-190.0)	73.0 (46.0-140.0)	34.51	< 0.01
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	25.5 (23.3-27.8)	25.8 (23.7-28.3)	25.4 (23.1-27.6)	6.27	0.02
WC	91.8 ± 9.3	92.8 ± 9.4	91.5 ± 9.2	2.42	0.02
SBP, median (IQR)	127.0 (118.0-139.0)	130 (120-140)	126 (117-138)	8.94	< 0.01
DBP, median (IQR)	77.0 (70.0-84.0)	77 (70-84)	77 (70-84)	0.1	0.76
Smoking	489 (33.7)	114 (29.2)	375 (35.3)	4.67	0.03
Drinking	483 (33.2)	103 (26.4)	380 (35.8)	11.21	< 0.01
Family history of DM	704 (48.5)	169 (43.3)	535 (50.3)	5.59	0.02
Medical history
Hypertension	593 (40.8)	206 (52.8)	387 (36.4)	31.8	< 0.01
Hyperlipidemia	442 (30.4)	129 (33.1)	313 (29.4)	1.78	0.18
Hyperuricemia	136 (9.4)	38 (9.7)	98 (9.2)	0.09	0.76
Coronary heart diseases	77 (5.3)	17 (4.4)	60 (5.6)	0.94	0.33
Stroke	27 (1.9)	14 (3.6)	13 (1.2)	8.76	< 0.01
Heart failure	2 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.2)	0.73	0.39
Metabolic indicators
FBG, median (IQR)	7.6 (6.4-9.6)	7.7 (6.4-9.3)	7.7 (6.4-9.7)	0.34	0.56
F-INS, median (IQR)	57.9 (38.5-91.0)	54.6 (38.5-85.0)	58.5 (38.5-93.7)	0.9	0.35
F-CP, median (IQR)	546.0 (381.3-748.0)	553 (396-751)	543 (381-745)	0.33	0.56
HbA1c (%), median (IQR)	8.1 (6.8-9.9)	8.1 (6.8-9.9)	8.1 (6.8-10.0)	0.35	0.56
GA (%), median (IQR)	19.5 (16.0-25.2)	19.5 (15.6-24.9)	19.5 (16.2-25.4)	0.9	0.34
TC (mmol/L), median (IQR)	4.9 (4.1-5.7)	4.7 (3.9-5.6)	4.9 (4.1-5.7)	8.14	< 0.01
TG (mmol/L), median (IQR)	1.6 (1.1-2.4)	1.7 (1.2-2.5)	1.6 (1.2-2.4)	0.88	0.34
LDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR)	2.8 (2.2-3.5)	2.7 (2.1-3.4)	2.9 (2.2-3.6)	5.45	0.02
HDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR)	1.1 (0.9-1.2)	1.0 (0.8-1.2)	1.0 (0.9-1.2)	2.99	0.08
Cr (μmol/L), median (IQR)	60.2 (49.9-70.8)	57.4 (49.3-70.2)	60.9 (51.2-71.5)	6.11	< 0.01
UA (μmol/L), median (IQR)	331.1 (273.0-396.0)	326.0 (273.8-396.4)	331.9 (272.8-395.5)	0.03	0.88
hsCRP (mg/L), median (IQR)	1.3 (0.6-3.0)	1.4 (0.7-3.2)	1.2 (0.6-2.9)	6.08	< 0.05
UACR, median (IQR)	15.1 (7.6-37.1)	23.9 (13.9-48.3)	12.2 (6.4-31.8)	80.68	< 0.01
Proteinuria-related medication
RAS blocker	389 (26.8)	98 (25.1)	291 (27.4)	0.73	0.39
GLP-1RA	312 (21.5)	110 (28.2)	202 (19.0)	14.32	< 0.01
SGLT-2I	557 (38.3)	157 (40.3)	400 (37.6)	0.83	0.36

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; DM: Diabetes mellitus; F-INS: Fasting insulin; F-CP: Fasting C-peptide; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; GA: Glycated albumin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; hsCRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; RAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; SGLT-2I: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of the 12 metabolic indexes among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without the proteinuria progression during follow-up, mean ± SD

Variables	T2DM with proteinuria progression (n = 390)	T2DM without proteinuria progression (n = 1063)	t/Z value	P value
BMI (kg/m²)	25.68 ± 3.39	25.09 ± 3.25	2.85	0.04
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	0.87 (0.61-1.17)	0.77 (0.56-1.10)	2.55	0.01
SBP (mmHg)	133.16 ± 12.78	128.44 ± 12.45	5.96	< 0.01
SBP (mmHg), median (IQR)	11.55 (8.91-14.87)	10.50 (7.86-13.45)	3.78	< 0.01
DBP (mmHg)	76.32 ± 8.34	75.83 ± 8.07	0.97	0.33
DBP (mmHg), median (IQR)	6.43 (4.95-8.49)	6.12 (4.62-8.13)	2.27	0.02
FBG (mmol/L)	7.65 ± 2.97	7.15 ± 1.39	4.30	< 0.01
FBG (mmol/L), median (IQR)	3.77 (3.25-4.37)	3.61 (3.18-4.22)	2.64	< 0.01
HbA1c (%)	7.25 ± 1.13	7.02 ± 1.02	3.59	< 0.01
HbA1c (%), median (IQR)	0.88 (0.48-1.49)	0.87 (0.46-1.67)	0.58	0.56
GA (%)	17.44 ± 4.09	16.90 ± 3.58	2.44	0.02
GA (%), median (IQR)	2.73 (1.62-4.64)	2.67 (1.43-4.93)	0.25	0.80
TC (mmol/L)	4.57 ± 0.98	4.57 ± 0.86	0.01	0.99
TC (mmol/L), median (IQR)	0.71 (0.46-1.02)	0.70 (0.44-0.99)	1.00	0.32
TG (mmol/L)	2.00 ± 2.16	1.80 ± 1.41	2.07	0.04
TG (mmol/L), median (IQR)	0.44 (0.26-0.79)	0.43 (0.24-0.71)	1.06	0.29
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.53 ± 0.69	2.58 ± 0.70	1.20	0.23
LDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR)	0.55 (0.34-0.83)	0.55 (0.34-0.79)	0.94	0.35
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.09 ± 0.28	1.10 ± 0.26	0.98	0.33
HDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR)	0.12 (0.09-0.17)	0.12 (0.81-0.17)	0.59	0.55
Cr (μmol/L)	65.93 ± 25.57	67.13 ± 28.93	0.72	0.47
Cr (μmol/L), median (IQR)	6.01 (3.97-8.71)	5.39 (3.72-7.41)	2.75	< 0.01
UA (μmol/L)	335.44 ± 73.05	334.64 ± 73.85	0.18	0.86
UA (μmol/L), median (IQR)	46.55 (34.14-67.92)	43.66 (30.76-63.77)	2.43	0.02

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; GA: Glycated albumin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid.

Full Size Table

Citation: Ma YH, Wei XH, Liu Y, Gu LP, Shen TT, Fan TT, Qin Q, Zhang AF, Wang RP, Wang YF. Visit-to-visit variability of creatinine levels associated with proteinuria progression in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(6): 119913
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i6/119913.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.119913

Ma YH, Wei XH, Liu Y, Gu LP, Shen TT, Fan TT, Qin Q, Zhang AF, Wang RP, Wang YF. Visit-to-visit variability of creatinine levels associated with proteinuria progression in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(6): 119913 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.119913]

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